SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK:
1. REGULATION OF INTERNAL ENVIROMENT
(i). Revision/The kidney
(ii). Functions of the kidney
(iii). Diseases of the kidney
(iv). Effects of kidney diseases
(v). Remedy of effects of kidney diseases
2. A. THE LIVER
(i). Functions of the liver
(ii). Diseases of the liver
(iii). Effects of Liver diseases
(iv). Remedy of effects of Liver diseases.
B. SKIN
(i). Structures of the Skin
(ii). Functions of the mammalian skin
(iii). Care of the mammalian skin.
3.HORMONES
(i). Location of hormonal glands and their secretions.
(ii). Functions of hormones
(iii). Effects of over-secretion and under – secretion (Deficiency of different hormones).
(iv). Plant Hormones (Auxins)
(v). Location and types of plant hormones
(vi). Functions of plant hormones
(vii). Modern application of auxins effects with reference to crop harvesting, weed control etc.
4.NERVOUS CO-ORDINATION
The Central Nervous System
(i). Component of the central nervous system of vertebrate
(ii). Structure and function of the spinal cord
(iii). Component of the brain, their description and functions
(iv). Functions of the central nervous system
5. a. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(i). Somatic Nervous System
(ii). Autonomic Nervous System
b. THE NEURONES
(i). Structure and function of the neurone
(ii). Classification of neurone
(iii). Transmission of neurone impulse
6. a. REFLEX AND VOLUNTARY ACTIONS
(i) Pathway and actions of a nerve impulse (The Reflex Arc)
(ii) Difference between reflex actions and voluntary actions
b. CONDITIONED REFLEX
(i) Conditioned reflex as a learned behaviour
(ii) Roles of conditioned reflex on behaviour
(iii) Examples of conditioned reflex
(iv) Difference between hormonal and nervous co-ordination
7. SENSE ORGANS
a. The skin as sense organ
i. Sensory nerve endings associated with the skin. Sensations of the skin.
b. The Organ of sight (The Eye)
i. Component of the eye and their functions
ii. Image formation and accommodation
iii. Defects of the eye and their correction
8. a. ORGAN OF HEARING
i. Structure of the ear and functions
ii. Mechanism of hearing
iii. Mechanism of balancing
b. Organ of smell structure and functions of nose
c. Organ of taste structure and functions of the tongue
9. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
A. Reproductive system in fish, reptile, bird and mammal.
i. Structures of the reproductive system
ii. Functions of the reproductive system (male and female)
iii. Structure of the gametes (sperm and ovum)
iv. Difference between male and female reproductive organs
10. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN PLANT
i. Structures and function of the reproductive organs of plant
ii. Arrangement of reproductive organs in different plants
iii. Types of flowers (Hyposnous, Perigynous and epigynous)
iv. Kinds of placentation
11.REVISION
1ST TERM
WEEK 1
TOPIC: KIDNEY
SUB-TOPIC: HOMEOSTASIS AND KIDNEY
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
• draw a well labeled diagram of the kidney
• label the diagram
• explain importance of the kidney
• list the diseases and remedy
CONTENT
The maintenance of a fairly constant internal environment in an organism is what is known as homeostasis.
The cells of a multicellular organism are bathed in body fluids such as blood, lymph and tissue fluids. The fluids make up the internal environment of the organism.
Parts involved in the homeostasis include:
• Kidney
• Skin
• Liver
• ductless gland
• Brain
THE KIDNEY
1. Osmoregulation: This is the process by which an animal regulates the osmotic balance of the body .i.e. balance between water and salt in its body fluid. the kidney helps to regulate osmotic balance in the following ways:
a. When the osmotic concentration of blood is higher due to the pressure of some solutes such as sugar, amino acids etc. the kidney extracts these substances from the blood or body cells and absorb more water.
b. When the osmotic concentration is low in the blood, the kidneys extract more water than usual. By the action of ADH, more concentrated urine is produced thereby keeping the osmotic concentration of the blood and cells fairly constant.
2. Excretion: helps to remove waste products of metabolic activities from the body. Formation of urine involves:
i. ultra filtration
ii. gelatine re-absorption
iii. hormonal secretion
EVALUATION:
1. Define homeostasis
2. List functions of the kidney
3. Draw a well labeled diagram of the human kidney
CONCLUSION: Teacher summarizes and concludes the lesson
ASSIGNMENT: List 10 functions of the mammalian kidney
PERIOD 3
SUB-TOPIC: KIDNEY DISEASES AND REMEDY
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
1. List kidney diseases.
2. determine relative remedy
CONTENT:
1. Diuresis: this is the inability of the cells of the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from glomerula filtrates which results in the donation of large amount of water in the urine. it can also occur for a patient suffering from diabetes insipidus (condition in which the production of ADH is reduced and less water is reabsorbed leading to the excretion of large amount of urine)
CAUSES
i. Diseases
ii. Lack of hormones
iii. Drinking excess alcohol
iv. Heart failure
REMEDY:
i. Avoid excessive drinking of alcohol
ii. Diabetic patient should be treated with insulin
iii. kidney transplant
iv. People lacking ADH and aldosterone should be treated.
KIDNEY STONES:
This is caused by some diseased growths with the tubules. This may narrow urine passage, thereby disturbing the free flow of urine.
EFFECTS:
i. Passing urine with great difficulty
ii. severe abdominal pains
iii. Blood in urine
REMEDY:
i. Drink sufficient water to flush out unwanted waste products and salts.
ii. avoid excessive intake of calcium
iii. Surgery called nephrectomy
iv. Reduction in protein intake.
ASSIGNMENT: Explain the following diseases:
i. Diuresis
ii. Kidney stones
SUB-TOPIC: HOMEOSTASIS AND KIDNEY
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
• draw a well labeled diagram of the kidney
• label the diagram
• explain importance of the kidney
• list the diseases and remedy
CONTENT
The maintenance of a fairly constant internal environment in an organism is what is known as homeostasis.
The cells of a multicellular organism are bathed in body fluids such as blood, lymph and tissue fluids. The fluids make up the internal environment of the organism.
Parts involved in the homeostasis include:
• Kidney
• Skin
• Liver
• ductless gland
• Brain
THE KIDNEY
1. Osmoregulation: This is the process by which an animal regulates the osmotic balance of the body .i.e. balance between water and salt in its body fluid. the kidney helps to regulate osmotic balance in the following ways:
a. When the osmotic concentration of blood is higher due to the pressure of some solutes such as sugar, amino acids etc. the kidney extracts these substances from the blood or body cells and absorb more water.
b. When the osmotic concentration is low in the blood, the kidneys extract more water than usual. By the action of ADH, more concentrated urine is produced thereby keeping the osmotic concentration of the blood and cells fairly constant.
2. Excretion: helps to remove waste products of metabolic activities from the body. Formation of urine involves:
i. ultra filtration
ii. gelatine re-absorption
iii. hormonal secretion
EVALUATION:
1. Define homeostasis
2. List functions of the kidney
3. Draw a well labeled diagram of the human kidney
CONCLUSION: Teacher summarizes and concludes the lesson
ASSIGNMENT: List 10 functions of the mammalian kidney
PERIOD 3
SUB-TOPIC: KIDNEY DISEASES AND REMEDY
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
1. List kidney diseases.
2. determine relative remedy
CONTENT:
1. Diuresis: this is the inability of the cells of the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from glomerula filtrates which results in the donation of large amount of water in the urine. it can also occur for a patient suffering from diabetes insipidus (condition in which the production of ADH is reduced and less water is reabsorbed leading to the excretion of large amount of urine)
CAUSES
i. Diseases
ii. Lack of hormones
iii. Drinking excess alcohol
iv. Heart failure
REMEDY:
i. Avoid excessive drinking of alcohol
ii. Diabetic patient should be treated with insulin
iii. kidney transplant
iv. People lacking ADH and aldosterone should be treated.
KIDNEY STONES:
This is caused by some diseased growths with the tubules. This may narrow urine passage, thereby disturbing the free flow of urine.
EFFECTS:
i. Passing urine with great difficulty
ii. severe abdominal pains
iii. Blood in urine
REMEDY:
i. Drink sufficient water to flush out unwanted waste products and salts.
ii. avoid excessive intake of calcium
iii. Surgery called nephrectomy
iv. Reduction in protein intake.
ASSIGNMENT: Explain the following diseases:
i. Diuresis
ii. Kidney stones
WEEK 2
TOPIC: THE LIVER
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
a. Explain functions of the liver
b. list liver diseases
c. list remedy to liver diseases
CONTENT
The liver is a reddish brown organ located below the diaphragm to the right side overlapping the stomach to some extent.
The liver is connected to the duodenum via the bile duct and is richly supplied with blood capillaries.
FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER
a. Bile production
b. Protein metabolism
c. sugar metabolism
d. lipid metabolism
e. detoxification
f. storage of vitamins
g. storage of blood
h. formation and breakdown of red blood cells
i. production of heat
j. inactivation of hormones
EVALUATION:
State the position of the liver in the body
ASSIGNMENT:
Explain four functions of the liver.
SUB-TOPIC: LIVER DISEASES
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
a. List liver diseases
b. Explain liver diseases
c. Ascertain remedy
CONTENT:
a. Jaundice: this is increase in the blood bilirubin level. It leads to a yellow coloration of the skin and eyes. This may be caused as a result of excessive breakdown of red blood cell.
b. Gall Stones: this is due to the formation of stony masses in the gall bladder or bile duct, thereby obstructing the free flow of bile.
c. Viral hepatitis A & B: This is as a result of viral infection which causes inflammation and destruction of the liver cells. Use of antibodies and reduced protein intake are preventions.
EVALUATION:
Explain any three (3) functions of the liver
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Make a large labeled diagram of the liver.
2. Explain any three (3) diseases of the liver.
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
a. Explain functions of the liver
b. list liver diseases
c. list remedy to liver diseases
CONTENT
The liver is a reddish brown organ located below the diaphragm to the right side overlapping the stomach to some extent.
The liver is connected to the duodenum via the bile duct and is richly supplied with blood capillaries.
FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER
a. Bile production
b. Protein metabolism
c. sugar metabolism
d. lipid metabolism
e. detoxification
f. storage of vitamins
g. storage of blood
h. formation and breakdown of red blood cells
i. production of heat
j. inactivation of hormones
EVALUATION:
State the position of the liver in the body
ASSIGNMENT:
Explain four functions of the liver.
SUB-TOPIC: LIVER DISEASES
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
a. List liver diseases
b. Explain liver diseases
c. Ascertain remedy
CONTENT:
a. Jaundice: this is increase in the blood bilirubin level. It leads to a yellow coloration of the skin and eyes. This may be caused as a result of excessive breakdown of red blood cell.
b. Gall Stones: this is due to the formation of stony masses in the gall bladder or bile duct, thereby obstructing the free flow of bile.
c. Viral hepatitis A & B: This is as a result of viral infection which causes inflammation and destruction of the liver cells. Use of antibodies and reduced protein intake are preventions.
EVALUATION:
Explain any three (3) functions of the liver
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Make a large labeled diagram of the liver.
2. Explain any three (3) diseases of the liver.
WEEK 3
TOPIC: THE SKIN
SUB-TOPIC: FUNCTION OF THE SKIN
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: AT THE END OF THE LESSON, STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• Describe the structure of the skin
• State the function of the skin
CONTENT:
This is the outer covering of the vertebrates. It forms a continuous layer over the entire body. It is the largest organ in the mammalian body.
STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
The mammalian skin consists of two main layers. The epidermis and the dermis
EPIDERMIS:
This is the outer layer of the mammalian skin. It consists of three layers which are:
• The innermost layer- malphighan tubule
• The middle layer- granular layer
• The outermost layer- cornified layer
MALPHIGHAN LAYER- This consist of actively dividing cuboidal cells. They contain melanin, a pigment that gives the skin its color
GRANULAR LAYER- Consist of living cells that are constantly being pushed up from the malphighan layer. The cells are usually flat and contain keratin which is a fibrous protein.
CORNIFIED LAYER- This consist of scale like dead cells that are impregnated within the keratin layer which is usually high, flexible and water proof.
DERMIS
This is the inner layer of mammalian skin. it is a layer of connective tissues containing blood capillaries, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous gland, sensory nerves ending and fat cells.
EVALUATION
1. List the two major layers of the skin
2. Explain the contents of each layer
ASSIGNMENT:
Describe briefly the structure of the skin
SUB-TOPIC: FUNCTION OF SKIN
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to :
1. Draw the skin
2. state and explain functions of the skin
CONTENT:
1. Protection: The tough epidermal cells act as a barrier against harmful microorganisms from getting into the cells below it.
Also the water proof nature of the skin helps to reduce water loss by evaporation from the body cells.
2. Sensitivity: The skin is sensitive to touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain.
3. Production of Vitamin D
4. Regulation of body temperature through the following processes:
a. Vasodilation
b. Vasoconstriction
c. Sweating
d. Raising of hair
e. Lowering of hair
EVALAUTION:
List and explain the functions of the skin
ASSIGNMENT:
Draw a well labeled diagram of the skin
SUB-TOPIC: FUNCTION OF THE SKIN
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: AT THE END OF THE LESSON, STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
• Describe the structure of the skin
• State the function of the skin
CONTENT:
This is the outer covering of the vertebrates. It forms a continuous layer over the entire body. It is the largest organ in the mammalian body.
STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
The mammalian skin consists of two main layers. The epidermis and the dermis
EPIDERMIS:
This is the outer layer of the mammalian skin. It consists of three layers which are:
• The innermost layer- malphighan tubule
• The middle layer- granular layer
• The outermost layer- cornified layer
MALPHIGHAN LAYER- This consist of actively dividing cuboidal cells. They contain melanin, a pigment that gives the skin its color
GRANULAR LAYER- Consist of living cells that are constantly being pushed up from the malphighan layer. The cells are usually flat and contain keratin which is a fibrous protein.
CORNIFIED LAYER- This consist of scale like dead cells that are impregnated within the keratin layer which is usually high, flexible and water proof.
DERMIS
This is the inner layer of mammalian skin. it is a layer of connective tissues containing blood capillaries, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous gland, sensory nerves ending and fat cells.
EVALUATION
1. List the two major layers of the skin
2. Explain the contents of each layer
ASSIGNMENT:
Describe briefly the structure of the skin
SUB-TOPIC: FUNCTION OF SKIN
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to :
1. Draw the skin
2. state and explain functions of the skin
CONTENT:
1. Protection: The tough epidermal cells act as a barrier against harmful microorganisms from getting into the cells below it.
Also the water proof nature of the skin helps to reduce water loss by evaporation from the body cells.
2. Sensitivity: The skin is sensitive to touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain.
3. Production of Vitamin D
4. Regulation of body temperature through the following processes:
a. Vasodilation
b. Vasoconstriction
c. Sweating
d. Raising of hair
e. Lowering of hair
EVALAUTION:
List and explain the functions of the skin
ASSIGNMENT:
Draw a well labeled diagram of the skin
WEEK 4
TOPIC: NERVOUS CO-ORDINATION
SUB-TOPIC: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to :
1. state components of central nervous system
2. structure and function of spinal cord
3. components of the brain and their description
CONTENT
The brain is divided into three parts
1. The fore brain
2. The mid brain
3. The hind brain
THE MID BRAIN: This is a narrow and short. it consists of inconspicuous part of the brain and has thick wall portion which connect the fore brain and hind brain together. it consists of the optic lobes, pineal body and pituitary gland.
THE HIND BRAIN: It consists of the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and pons verolli.
THE FORE BRAIN: It consists of two major parts which are cerebrum and olfactory lobes and two minor parts namely Thalamus and hypothalamus.
EVALUATION: Explain the functions of the following parts of the brain
1. cerebellum
2. cerebrum
TOPIC: THE SPINAL CORD
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end, students should be able to :
1. Describe the spinal cord
2. Draw a diagram of the spinal cord
CONTENTS:
The spinal cord consists of numerous neurons clustered to form a cylinder of the nervous tissue. It is made up of soft tissue which moves from the medulla oblongata to the tail region. It is protected by the bones of the vertebral column but passes through the neural column.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD
1. Co-ordinates simple reflex actions like automatic reflexes such as sweating.
2. It carries impulse to the brain and carries responses from the brain to the muscles.
EVALUATION:
Explain the functions of the spinal cord.
ASSIGNMENT:
Draw a large labeled diagram of the spinal cord.
SUB-TOPIC: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to :
1. state components of central nervous system
2. structure and function of spinal cord
3. components of the brain and their description
CONTENT
The brain is divided into three parts
1. The fore brain
2. The mid brain
3. The hind brain
THE MID BRAIN: This is a narrow and short. it consists of inconspicuous part of the brain and has thick wall portion which connect the fore brain and hind brain together. it consists of the optic lobes, pineal body and pituitary gland.
THE HIND BRAIN: It consists of the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and pons verolli.
THE FORE BRAIN: It consists of two major parts which are cerebrum and olfactory lobes and two minor parts namely Thalamus and hypothalamus.
EVALUATION: Explain the functions of the following parts of the brain
1. cerebellum
2. cerebrum
TOPIC: THE SPINAL CORD
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end, students should be able to :
1. Describe the spinal cord
2. Draw a diagram of the spinal cord
CONTENTS:
The spinal cord consists of numerous neurons clustered to form a cylinder of the nervous tissue. It is made up of soft tissue which moves from the medulla oblongata to the tail region. It is protected by the bones of the vertebral column but passes through the neural column.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD
1. Co-ordinates simple reflex actions like automatic reflexes such as sweating.
2. It carries impulse to the brain and carries responses from the brain to the muscles.
EVALUATION:
Explain the functions of the spinal cord.
ASSIGNMENT:
Draw a large labeled diagram of the spinal cord.
WEEK 5
TOPIC: THE PHERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
SUB-TOPIC: THE SOMATIC PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to :
1. Explain the peripheral nervous system
2. State the types of peripheral nervous system
CONTENT
The peripheral nervous system holds all nerves outside the brain and the spinal cord. It brings about communication between the brain and the spinal cord and the entire body. It consist of 12pairs of cranial nerves and 31pairs of spinal nerves.
The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into two (2) :
a. The Somatic PNS
b. The Autonomic PNS
The somatic nerve transit impulse from the external stimuli to the CNS and relay response from the CNS to the skeletal muscles. The conscious awareness of the external environment by the body is the main function of somatic system.
EVALUATION:
Explain the somatic peripheral nervous system
ASSIGNMENT:
Make a large labeled diagram of the brain and spinal cord
TOPIC: THE AUTONOMIC PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
a. Explain autonomic peripheral nervous system
b. Identify its categories
c. Draw the autonomic PNS
CONTENT
ANS is concerned with the control of the body's involuntary activities such as the heart beat, breathing, digestion, sweating, peristaltic contraction of the intestine. It consists of motor and sensory nerves that connect the CNS to different internal organs. There are two types namely:
a. The Sympathetic nervous system
b. The para-sympathetic nervous system.
EVALUATION
• List the two parts of autonomic nervous system
• The “ANS” consist of ________ and __________
ASSIGNMENT:
Explain the autonomic nervous system
TOPIC - SYMPATHETIC AND PARA-SYMPATHETIC
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVE- At the end of the lesson, student should be able:
a. List the functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomous nervous system.
CONTENT:
The SNS consists of nerve cells which connects internal organs to the thoracic and lumber area of the spinal cord preparing the body for necessary action in times of danger. The parasympathetic consists of nerve cells which connects internal organs to the 10th cranial nerve and the sacral nerve of the spinal cord.
FUNCTIONS
SYMPATHETIC
• Accelerates Heartbeat
• Consist Arteries
• Dilates Bronchioles
• Dilate Iris
PARASYMPATHETIC
• Slows down Heartbeat
• Dilate Arteries
• Constrict Bronchioles
• Constrict Iris
EVALUATION: Explain the terms:
a. Sympathetic nervous system
b. Parasympathetic nervous system
ASSIGNMENT:
Tabulate (4) difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
SUB-TOPIC: THE SOMATIC PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to :
1. Explain the peripheral nervous system
2. State the types of peripheral nervous system
CONTENT
The peripheral nervous system holds all nerves outside the brain and the spinal cord. It brings about communication between the brain and the spinal cord and the entire body. It consist of 12pairs of cranial nerves and 31pairs of spinal nerves.
The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into two (2) :
a. The Somatic PNS
b. The Autonomic PNS
The somatic nerve transit impulse from the external stimuli to the CNS and relay response from the CNS to the skeletal muscles. The conscious awareness of the external environment by the body is the main function of somatic system.
EVALUATION:
Explain the somatic peripheral nervous system
ASSIGNMENT:
Make a large labeled diagram of the brain and spinal cord
TOPIC: THE AUTONOMIC PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
a. Explain autonomic peripheral nervous system
b. Identify its categories
c. Draw the autonomic PNS
CONTENT
ANS is concerned with the control of the body's involuntary activities such as the heart beat, breathing, digestion, sweating, peristaltic contraction of the intestine. It consists of motor and sensory nerves that connect the CNS to different internal organs. There are two types namely:
a. The Sympathetic nervous system
b. The para-sympathetic nervous system.
EVALUATION
• List the two parts of autonomic nervous system
• The “ANS” consist of ________ and __________
ASSIGNMENT:
Explain the autonomic nervous system
TOPIC - SYMPATHETIC AND PARA-SYMPATHETIC
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVE- At the end of the lesson, student should be able:
a. List the functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomous nervous system.
CONTENT:
The SNS consists of nerve cells which connects internal organs to the thoracic and lumber area of the spinal cord preparing the body for necessary action in times of danger. The parasympathetic consists of nerve cells which connects internal organs to the 10th cranial nerve and the sacral nerve of the spinal cord.
FUNCTIONS
SYMPATHETIC
• Accelerates Heartbeat
• Consist Arteries
• Dilates Bronchioles
• Dilate Iris
PARASYMPATHETIC
• Slows down Heartbeat
• Dilate Arteries
• Constrict Bronchioles
• Constrict Iris
EVALUATION: Explain the terms:
a. Sympathetic nervous system
b. Parasympathetic nervous system
ASSIGNMENT:
Tabulate (4) difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
WEEK 6
TOPIC: REFLEX AND VOLUNTARY REACTION
SUB-TOPIC: REFLEX ACTION
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
a. List reflex actions
b. Define reflex action
c. Explain how reflex actions happens
CONTENT
These are automatic responses to stimuli; they occur very rapidly and not involve conscious (voluntary) or higher centres of the brain. The impulse reaches the brain the brain after the reflex action is completed. Reflex actions are mainly protective. They guard us from dangerous stimuli and help us to maintain our posture and balance.
EXAMPLES: Includes;
• Knee Jerk
• Withdrawal of hand from hot objects
• Blinking of the eye
• Sweating
• Heartbeat
REFLEX ARC: This is the path an impulse has to pass through to bring about a reflex action. It consists of:
• Receptor Organ
• Sensory Nerves
• Spinal Cord
EVALUATION:
Write (5) example of a reflex action
ASSIGNMENT
• Define a reflex action
• What is a reflex action
TOPIC: VOLUNTARY ACTION
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to define ;
a. Voluntary Action
b. List examples of Voluntary Actions
CONTENT
A voluntary action is one that is initiated and controlled by the conscious part of the brain. They are under the control of will. Examples includes; Walking, Running, Reading, Talking, Driving, Swimming, Typing, Dancing, Climbing etc. In Involuntary actions, sensory nerves send impulses to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the brain for interpretation. The interpretation is sent through the motor neurons to the effective muscles.
EVALUATION
• Define Voluntary Actions
• List Five examples of Voluntary Actions
ASSIGNMENT: Impulses in voluntary actions are sent from __________ to ___________ by__________ for interpretation.
PERIOD 4
SUB-TOPIC: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REFLEX AND VOLUNTARY ACTIONS
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to
• List (5) differences between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
CONTENT
VOLUNTARY ACTIONS
i. Have their actions in the Spinal cords and Fore Brain
ii. Response to stimulus is Quick and Automatic
iii. Few neurons are involved
iv. Not under the control of Will
REFLEX ACTIONS
i. Have their action in the Fore Brain
ii. Response to stimulus is not Automatic
iii. Many neurons are involved
iv. Under the control of Will
EVALUATION:
State five differences between voluntary and reflex actions
ASSIGNMENT:
Read about the organ of sight
SUB-TOPIC: REFLEX ACTION
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to:
a. List reflex actions
b. Define reflex action
c. Explain how reflex actions happens
CONTENT
These are automatic responses to stimuli; they occur very rapidly and not involve conscious (voluntary) or higher centres of the brain. The impulse reaches the brain the brain after the reflex action is completed. Reflex actions are mainly protective. They guard us from dangerous stimuli and help us to maintain our posture and balance.
EXAMPLES: Includes;
• Knee Jerk
• Withdrawal of hand from hot objects
• Blinking of the eye
• Sweating
• Heartbeat
REFLEX ARC: This is the path an impulse has to pass through to bring about a reflex action. It consists of:
• Receptor Organ
• Sensory Nerves
• Spinal Cord
EVALUATION:
Write (5) example of a reflex action
ASSIGNMENT
• Define a reflex action
• What is a reflex action
TOPIC: VOLUNTARY ACTION
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to define ;
a. Voluntary Action
b. List examples of Voluntary Actions
CONTENT
A voluntary action is one that is initiated and controlled by the conscious part of the brain. They are under the control of will. Examples includes; Walking, Running, Reading, Talking, Driving, Swimming, Typing, Dancing, Climbing etc. In Involuntary actions, sensory nerves send impulses to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the brain for interpretation. The interpretation is sent through the motor neurons to the effective muscles.
EVALUATION
• Define Voluntary Actions
• List Five examples of Voluntary Actions
ASSIGNMENT: Impulses in voluntary actions are sent from __________ to ___________ by__________ for interpretation.
PERIOD 4
SUB-TOPIC: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REFLEX AND VOLUNTARY ACTIONS
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to
• List (5) differences between Reflex and Voluntary Actions
CONTENT
VOLUNTARY ACTIONS
i. Have their actions in the Spinal cords and Fore Brain
ii. Response to stimulus is Quick and Automatic
iii. Few neurons are involved
iv. Not under the control of Will
REFLEX ACTIONS
i. Have their action in the Fore Brain
ii. Response to stimulus is not Automatic
iii. Many neurons are involved
iv. Under the control of Will
EVALUATION:
State five differences between voluntary and reflex actions
ASSIGNMENT:
Read about the organ of sight
WEEK 7
TOPIC: ORGANS OF HEARING
SUB-TOPIC: LAYERS OF THE EARS
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to ;
• List the layers of the ears
• Discuss the function of the tissues of the layers
CONTENT
There are three layers of the ears. The ear is the organ for hearing and balancing. The layers of the ears include;
• The Outer Ear
• The Middle Ear
• The Inner Ear
THE OUTER EAR
These consist of the pinnae auditory canal and tympanic membrane (ear drum).
PINNAE- It’s a cartilaginous layer that helps to dictate the direction of sound.
AUDITORY CANAL- This concentrates and directs sound to the tympanic membrane.
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE- It helps to cause vibration and amplifies the sound.
MIDDLE EAR:
This is an air filled cavity and consists of three
SUB-TOPIC: MECHANISM OF HEARING
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson student should be able to;
• Describe the Mechanism of Hearing
• Describe the Mechanism of Balancing
CONTENT
HEARING: The pinna detects and connects the sounds waves down the auditory canal. The sound waves strikes the eardrum and causes vibration of the membrane. The sound is amplified and passes through the ossicles to the oval window. In the oval window the sound is magnified and transferred to the perilymph and then to the endolymph. The sensory organs are stimulated i.e. corti cells by the endolymph which converts the sound waves into IMPULSES. This impulse is transferred to the auditory nerve which is passed to the brain for interpretation.
EVALUATION:
Explain Hearing Mechanism
ASSIGNMENT:
List 5 causes of deafness
SUB-TOPIC: LAYERS OF THE EARS
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to ;
• List the layers of the ears
• Discuss the function of the tissues of the layers
CONTENT
There are three layers of the ears. The ear is the organ for hearing and balancing. The layers of the ears include;
• The Outer Ear
• The Middle Ear
• The Inner Ear
THE OUTER EAR
These consist of the pinnae auditory canal and tympanic membrane (ear drum).
PINNAE- It’s a cartilaginous layer that helps to dictate the direction of sound.
AUDITORY CANAL- This concentrates and directs sound to the tympanic membrane.
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE- It helps to cause vibration and amplifies the sound.
MIDDLE EAR:
This is an air filled cavity and consists of three
SUB-TOPIC: MECHANISM OF HEARING
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson student should be able to;
• Describe the Mechanism of Hearing
• Describe the Mechanism of Balancing
CONTENT
HEARING: The pinna detects and connects the sounds waves down the auditory canal. The sound waves strikes the eardrum and causes vibration of the membrane. The sound is amplified and passes through the ossicles to the oval window. In the oval window the sound is magnified and transferred to the perilymph and then to the endolymph. The sensory organs are stimulated i.e. corti cells by the endolymph which converts the sound waves into IMPULSES. This impulse is transferred to the auditory nerve which is passed to the brain for interpretation.
EVALUATION:
Explain Hearing Mechanism
ASSIGNMENT:
List 5 causes of deafness
WEEK 8
TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
SUB-TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN FISH
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to: Explain the reproductive system of fish and reptile
CONTENT
Fish exhibit sexual reproduction but fertilization is external. Fishes are unisexual and their reproductive system is found within the abdomen. The male reproductive system of tilapia consists of two testes and a male sheet which leads to the genital opening. The two testes are elongated structures joined in the posterior part as a single duct which opens to the outside.
In the female two ovaries exist which produces egg cells with a small amount of yoke. These are discharged into the body cavity and are wafted into the oviduct which opens internally into the body cavity.
EVALUATION:
Explain the reproductive system of a tilapia fish
ASSIGNMENT:
Draw a tilapia fish showing the male reproductive system
SUB-TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF REPTILE
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: Student at the end of the lesson should be able to:
• Explain the reproductive system in male reptile
• Explain the reproductive system in female reptile
CONTENT
The Agama lizard has two testes which are located in the abdomen. The right testes are slightly higher in position then the last testes. From the testes, the sperm are conducted to tiny tubes known as vas deferens which leads to the coiled epididymis found along the outer edge of the testes.
In female reproductive system, two ovaries are located in the abdomen in the same position as the testes in the male. The eggs are released into the abdominal space by the action of some the eggs are moved into the oviduct.
EVALUATION:
Explain the reproductive system of a named reptile.
ASSIGNMENT:
Read the reproductive system of reptiles on pg 343 of essential biology.
SUB-TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF BIRDS
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to ;
• Explain the reproductive system in birds (male)
• Explain the reproductive system in birds (female)
CONTENT
The male reproductive system of domestic fowl consists of two large and ovoid testes which are attached to the outer edge of the kidney. From each testis, vas deference leads towards the hind end, alongside the ureter. Birds generally do not have penis, in many birds the sperm duct expands at their posterior ends to form seminal vesicles. Sperm accumulates there during ejaculation and are transferred from the male to the female when their cloaca comes in contact.
EVALUATION:
Explain the Reproductive system of Birds
ASSIGNMENT:
Read the Reproductive system of Man (female / male)
SUB-TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN FISH
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to: Explain the reproductive system of fish and reptile
CONTENT
Fish exhibit sexual reproduction but fertilization is external. Fishes are unisexual and their reproductive system is found within the abdomen. The male reproductive system of tilapia consists of two testes and a male sheet which leads to the genital opening. The two testes are elongated structures joined in the posterior part as a single duct which opens to the outside.
In the female two ovaries exist which produces egg cells with a small amount of yoke. These are discharged into the body cavity and are wafted into the oviduct which opens internally into the body cavity.
EVALUATION:
Explain the reproductive system of a tilapia fish
ASSIGNMENT:
Draw a tilapia fish showing the male reproductive system
SUB-TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF REPTILE
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: Student at the end of the lesson should be able to:
• Explain the reproductive system in male reptile
• Explain the reproductive system in female reptile
CONTENT
The Agama lizard has two testes which are located in the abdomen. The right testes are slightly higher in position then the last testes. From the testes, the sperm are conducted to tiny tubes known as vas deferens which leads to the coiled epididymis found along the outer edge of the testes.
In female reproductive system, two ovaries are located in the abdomen in the same position as the testes in the male. The eggs are released into the abdominal space by the action of some the eggs are moved into the oviduct.
EVALUATION:
Explain the reproductive system of a named reptile.
ASSIGNMENT:
Read the reproductive system of reptiles on pg 343 of essential biology.
SUB-TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF BIRDS
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to ;
• Explain the reproductive system in birds (male)
• Explain the reproductive system in birds (female)
CONTENT
The male reproductive system of domestic fowl consists of two large and ovoid testes which are attached to the outer edge of the kidney. From each testis, vas deference leads towards the hind end, alongside the ureter. Birds generally do not have penis, in many birds the sperm duct expands at their posterior ends to form seminal vesicles. Sperm accumulates there during ejaculation and are transferred from the male to the female when their cloaca comes in contact.
EVALUATION:
Explain the Reproductive system of Birds
ASSIGNMENT:
Read the Reproductive system of Man (female / male)
WEEK 9
TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN PLANTS
SUB-TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE PARTS OF A PLANT
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to list the reproductive part of a plant
CONTENT
The reproductive part of flowering plants is the FLOWER. Flowering plants belongs to the group of plant called ANGIOSPERMS
PARTS OF FLOWER AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
PEDICAL: Attaches flower to the stem /stalk
RECEPTACLE: Carries the flower plant
SEPAL: Protects the floral plants of a bird edge
PETALS: Attracts insects for pollination
FILAMENT: Bears the anther
ANTHER: Contains pollen grains
POLLEN GRAINS: Contains the nucleus
STIGMA: Receives the pollen grain
STYLE: provides Avenue for the nucleus to run to the ovary
OVARY: Contain the Ovule
OVULE: Contains the female nucleus
POLLINATION: This is the transfer of matured pollen grain to matured stigma
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FLOWERS
a. FLORAL PARTS : Petals and Sepals are non essential androecium {stamen} gynoecium { pistil } are essential
b. COMPLETE FLOWER : A flower is a said to be complete when it has floral parts
c. INCOMPLETE FLOWER: It is a flower that one of the floral parts.
EVALUATION:
Mention (5) functions of parts of a flower
ASSIGNMENT:
Draw the longitudinal section of a named flower
SUB-TOPIC: REPRODUCTIVE PARTS OF A PLANT
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, student should be able to list the reproductive part of a plant
CONTENT
The reproductive part of flowering plants is the FLOWER. Flowering plants belongs to the group of plant called ANGIOSPERMS
PARTS OF FLOWER AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
PEDICAL: Attaches flower to the stem /stalk
RECEPTACLE: Carries the flower plant
SEPAL: Protects the floral plants of a bird edge
PETALS: Attracts insects for pollination
FILAMENT: Bears the anther
ANTHER: Contains pollen grains
POLLEN GRAINS: Contains the nucleus
STIGMA: Receives the pollen grain
STYLE: provides Avenue for the nucleus to run to the ovary
OVARY: Contain the Ovule
OVULE: Contains the female nucleus
POLLINATION: This is the transfer of matured pollen grain to matured stigma
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FLOWERS
a. FLORAL PARTS : Petals and Sepals are non essential androecium {stamen} gynoecium { pistil } are essential
b. COMPLETE FLOWER : A flower is a said to be complete when it has floral parts
c. INCOMPLETE FLOWER: It is a flower that one of the floral parts.
EVALUATION:
Mention (5) functions of parts of a flower
ASSIGNMENT:
Draw the longitudinal section of a named flower
