Pen-Write E-Library - Private

SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK:
1. Revision of last term`s work with introduction to Business management
Business management- Meaning
Business Resources e.g Human Resources, Materials resources, Money Resources, Opportunities, Goodwill,
Objectives of Business.
2. Business Management (continues)
Meaning of Management
Functions of Management, Planning, Organising, Controlling, Co-ordinator, Motivating, Staffing, Communicating.
Principles of Management e.g Clerity of objectives.
3. Departmentalization
Departmentalization meaning
Functions of each Department
Social Responsibilities of Business.
4. STRUCTURE OF BUSINESS
Organization Structure/ set up
Organization Chart
Types of organizational structure line
Organization, Functional Organization- Line and staff organization and committee, their advantages and disadvantages.
5. Authority, Power, Accountability and Responsibilityin an Organization.
Span of Control and Determining it.
Inter Departmental and Intra- Departmental Communication.
6. Nationalization
Meaning, Reasons, Advantages and Disadvantages
7. Indigenization
Meaning, Reason, Advantages and Disadvantages
Reference to the private enterprises
Promotion Degree 1972 and 1977, Categories of Indigenous business organization in Nigeria.
8. Privatisation
Meaning, Reason, Advantages and Disadvantages.
9. Economic Grouping in West Africa e.g Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS).
History of ECOWAS, member States, organs etc
Aims and objectives
Problems of ECOWAS
10. Economic Grouping in West Africa
Niger Basin Commission (NBC)
Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC)
Formalize , members and problems facing them
International Monetary Fund formative and Objectives.
11. Revision

Sub-topic:- Introduction to Business Management
Reference books:-
1. Essential Book-keeping for SSS by O.A. Longe
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
(a) define business
(b) define business resources
(c) state the objectives of business
(d) state the functions of business

Content Element:-
Meaning of business: Business can be defined as the sum total of all economic activities which people engage in to create, procure or provide desired goods and services.

(b) Business resources:
The following are the business resources required in business
i. Human resources
ii. Financial resources
iii. Material resources
iv. Opportunities and time

Evaluation:- state five objectives of a business

Assignment:- (i) what is business resources? (ii) mention and explain four aspects of business resources.





Topic:- Commerce
Sub-topic:- Introduction to Business Management

Content Element:-
Management is the process of co-ordinating all resources, through the process of planning, organizing, and controlling in order to attain its stated objectives.

Functions of Management
i) Planning
ii) Controlling
iii) Organising
iv) Motivating
v) Staffing

Evaluation:- What is Management? (ii) state its functions.

Assignment:- What are the functions of Management

Topic:- Introduction to Business Management
Sub-topic:- Business Environment
Reference books:-
1. Essential commerce for SSS by O.A. Longe
2. Comprehensive commerce for senior secondary school.
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
(a) the various business environment
(b) define departmentalization
(c) draw the organizational chart of a business concern.
Evaluation:- what is business environment? (ii) state three essential usiness environment in a business.
Assignment:- (i) Mention and explain five business environment necessary in management.
Evaluation:- (i) what is departmentalization (ii) state the functions of personal department.
Assignment:- Mention and explain the various department in an
organization.

Topic:- Introduction to Management
Sub-topic:- Social responsibility of business.
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
(a) list the various social responsibility of business
(b) identify the social responsibility of business.
Evaluation:- list five business responsibility to its community.
Assignment:- explain the social responsibilities of a business to the following (a) The community (b) The government
list four responsibilities of business to the employees.
explain the social responsibilities of a business to the following (a) The shareholder (b) The environment where the business is located.

Topic:- Nationalism of Industries
Sub-topic:- Meaning of nationalism
Aim/General Purpose:- To get the students understanding the concept of
nationalism
Reference books:-
1. Essential commerce for SSS by O.A. Longe
2. Comprehensive commerce for senior secondary school by J.U. Anyade
3. Approach to commerce by M.O. Odedokun
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
(a) define nationalization policy
(b) state its advantages and disadvantages
Previous knowledge:- Students have learnt the social responsibilities of business to their environment.
Instructional materials:- Charts and blackboard
Evaluation:- (a) define nationalization (b) state the difference between Nationalized industry and public liability company
Assignment:- (i) mention and explain the reasons for nationalization (ii) list the advantages and disadvantages of nationalization.

PERIOD I & II
Topic:- Indigenization
Evaluation:- (i) what is indigenization? (ii) state five advantages of indigenisation
Assignment:- (i) state the differences between indigenization and Nationalization. (ii) state five disadvantages and advantages of indigenization.

Topic:- Privatization & Commercialization
Sub-topic:- Privatisation
Reference books:-
1. Essential commerce for SSS by O.A. Longe
2. Comprehensive commerce for senior secondary school by J.U. Anyade
3. Approach to commerce by M.O. Odedokun

Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
(a) explain privatization and commercialization policy
(b) state their historical background
(c) state their advantages and their disadvantages

Privatization:- This is a policy designed to enable individuals and private corporate organizations take over the ownership and control of government business such as public enterprises and corporations.

Evaluation:- (i) what is privatization? (ii) briefly explain the historical background of privatized industries.

Assignment:- (i) mention and explain five aims and objectives of privatization.





Sub-Topic:- Commercialization
Commercialization:- commercialization is a policy of state owned enterprises to become more efficient and profit oriented.
The policy makes it possible for public enterprises to become more viable and effective.
Evaluation:- differentiate between Nationalization and commercialization policy.

Assignment:- State the advantages and disadvantages of commercialization police.

Topic:- Organization Structure
Sub-topic:- Principle of Management
Reference books:-
1. Essential commerce for SSS by O.A. Longe
2. Comprehensive commerce for senior secondary school by J.U. Anyade
3. Approach to commerce by M.O. Odedokun

Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
(a) define organizational structure
(b) explain the principles of management
(c) Draw organizational chart.

Evaluation:- what is organizational structure? (ii) state three uses of a chart.
Assignment:- (i) explain five principles of management. (ii) draw the organizational chart.





Topic:- Organizational structure
Sub topic:- Types of organizational structure


Evaluation:- state two advantages and two disadvantages of line authority
Assignment:-explain the following types of organizational structure.
(a) line authority
(b) committee organization structure
(c) functional organization structure.

Topic:- Structure of business
Outlines of instructional contents:
- Line and staff organization
- Committee organization
- Ad-Hoc committees
Behavioral objective:- At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
Explain and state the advantages and disadvantages of line and staff organization; committee organization and Ad-Hoc committees.
Step I:- Line and staff organization: In line organization structure, authority and responsibility flow from the top to the bottom of the personnel ladder. i.e. from manager to the cleaner. While staff organization structure is divided into staff.
Specialist and staff assistant:- The staff specialists has a special skill and leads a department. While the staff assistant represents his superior officer and therefore assumes “representative” authority and responsibility.
Advantages of line and staff organization
- There is efficiency through specialist
- Decision-making can be enriched because ideas can be shared.
- technical experts are in a better position to advise the line managers on complex problems.
Step II: Committee organization: In this type of business organization structure, a group of people are appointed to carryout special duties. Th ese committees perform different functions which may be policy or decision making, execution of projects, making recommendations to officers, management of certain services, gathering of information etc.
Advantages of committee:
1. It helps in getting opinion from many individuals.
2. They make recommendations to the officers of the organization.
3. They are set up to carryout special duties.
4. People react favourably to a group decision than one man
5. It gives room for creating new ideas and better quality decisions.
6. They are democratic in nature.
7. It enhances the likelihood of participation.
Step III: These are special committee s set up to carryout special assignments or projects. These committees are temporary and they cease to exist on the complexion of the assignments or projects which they are set up for.
Advantages:
1. It facilitates timely accomplishment of task
2. It eases the burden of the management.
3. Special task are quickly accomplished timely within bottlenecks.
Evaluation:- (i) Differentiate between line and staff organization structure (ii) Differentiate between committee and Ad-Hoc committee organization structure
Assignment:- Explain the followings; (i) line and staff relationship (ii)committee relationship (iii) state five disadvantages of line and staff organization structure. (iv)State four disadvantages of committee organisation

PERIOD II
Sub-Topic:- “Authority. Power, Accountability and Responsibility in an
Organization.”
Authority: This may be defined as the power or right to give orders and enforce obedience. Authority gives on the right to command others who obey as a duty. The power of authority is derived from ones office and the role the person plays in a given organization.
Authority can also be referred to as the instrument of office or anything that enables individuals to secure obedience from other persons.
Power:-This may be defined as the ability to control the actions of others through the possession of means of sanctioning them. Sanction may be physical, social or political. It is applied when there is non-compliance. Since power is the ability to exert derived from the authority given to the officer exercising it.
Responsibility: It can be define as the individual obligations to carryout the duties assigned to him or her. Authority and responsibility go hand in hand. Acceptance of authority is an indication of acceptance of responsibility and accountability. Responsibility makes every individual answerable to his actions.
A good leader should encourage those around him to accept responsibility.
Henry Fayol says “authority should be commensurable with responsibility”. According to him, responsibility is feared among the people, whereas authority is sought after.
Accountability: This simply means a situation whereby a subordinate is accountable to his superior in an organization for his actions and he is obliged to report to his superior how well he has discharged his responsibilities, and use the authority delegated to him. However, the extent to which somebody is delegated to him.
Evaluation:- (i) compare and contrast “authority and responsibility” (ii) power and accountability

Topic: Span of Control, Delegation of Authority and Inter-department & Intra-Departmental Communication.
Outlines of instructional concept:
1. Span of control
2. Delegation of Authority
3. Inter and intra departmental communication.

Behavioural Objectives:- At the end of the lesson, students should be able to explain and state the advantages of span of control; delegation of authority and intra and inter departmental organization.

Span of Control:- This is the No of subordinate under the direct supervision of a manager to ensure efficiency and effectiveness, the no of subordinates should be restricted to what is mentally possible for him to control. As suggested by Henry Fayol, span of control should be limited to between three and six.

Factors determining span of control
1. The nature of work: complex jobs require more supervision and less number of subordinates; but routine jobs require less supervision and
large number of subordinates.

2. The qualification, training and experience of the Manager: A well trained and experienced manager will be able to manage effectively and efficiently large number of subordinate while an inexperienced manager cannot do so.

3. The personality of the manager: The style of leadership of the manager as well as the freedom to make decision will affect the span of control.

4. the size of the organization: The larger the organization, the larger the number of subordinates to be supervised vice versa.

5. The quality of lateral communication: The quality of lateral communication which may enable the subordinates to get job done without constant reference to the superior for consultations

6. level of technological Development: The level of technological development will determine the number of subordinates that will be put under direct supervision

7. The caliber of subordinates: The higher the education and experience, the lower the number of subordinates.

8. The Demands on a managers time in other jobs: The amount of time which a manager spends on non-managerial tasks will determine the number of subordinates he can effectively co-ordinate.

9. Frequency of Interpersonal Relationship between a Manager and the subordinates: The frequency of interaction between a manger and the subordinates will determine how effective the span of management will be within an organization.

Delegation of Authority
Delegation of authority is the transfer of responsibility to a subordinate with
sufficient authority to enable the subordinate carryout the assignment while
the superior will consider himself accountable for the delegated job. The larger the organization, the greater must be the extent to which delegation of authority is practiced.

Principles of Delegation:
1. There must be balance of authority, responsibility and accountability in an organization.
2. Responsibility cannot be delegated
3. There must be clarity in the functions given to each department.
4. The principle of scalar chan of command must be clearly specified.

Advantages of Delegated Authority
1. Reduction of burden of work
2. Training of subordinates
3. It saves time
4. Speedy execution of job
5. It makes smooth succession possible
6. It brings cordial relationship
7. It motivate subordinates.

Disadvantages of Delegation of Authority
1. It may lead to confusion
2. It may leads to unfinished task
3. It leads to Duplication of management effort at lower levels of the
Hierarchy.
4. Subordinates may abuse the opportunity given to them by not taking
appropriate action as at when due.
5. Delegation may affect the quality of job

Evaluated/Assignment: (i) Why has a manager may refuse to delegate
authority (ii) what as the things a manager cannot delay





Topic:- interdepartmental and Intra-departmental communication.
Definition:- Communication is the process which involved transmitting meaningful messages between senders and receivers. It is the foundation for management functions. It can be interdepartmental or intra-departmental communication.

Interdepartmental Communication
Interdepartmental Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages or information from one department to another within an organization. Using the media of Telephone, Radiophone, loud speakers, circulars and computer terminals.

Intra-departmental Communication
Intra-departmental communication involves the sending and receiving of information within the departments of an organisation using the media of intercom, circular, direct communication, bells and notice boards.

Advantages/Importance of Communication
1. It establishes and disseminates the goals of an organization.
2. It facilitates official transactions between the various units, sections and departments.
3. It helps to organize human and other resources in the most effective and efficient way.
4. It helps to select, develop and appraise members of the organization.
5. it leads, directs, motivates and creates a climate in which people want to contribute to the growth of the enterprises.
6. It provides permanent records for reference purposes.
7. Communication makes it possible for the day to-day activities to be speedily attended to.
8. It bridges the gat between the top management and the subordinates.
9. It helps to develop plan for the achievement of the goals and objective of the enterprise.

Evaluation/Assignment (i) What is communication? (ii) state ten (10)
importance of communication to a business.





Topic:- ECONOMIC GROUPING IN WEST AFRICA
Definition:- Economic grouping may be defined as the coming together of different countries with a common economic interest and goals with a view promote economic cooperation and development among member states.

Major Economic Grouping in existence in West Africa
1. ECOWAS
2. Lake chad basin commission
3. Niger basin Commission

International economic grouping:
1. J.M.F.
2. E.E.C. etc

ECOWAS:
Definition: ECOWAS means Economic Community of West Africa states.
ORIGIN:- It was formed on 28 May, 1975 with headquarters in Lagos, Nigeria. The sat of operation of ECOWAS fund is in Lome. It has 16 members state made up of 5 Anglophone and II Francophone members. Meanwhile maintain opted out of ECOWAS in the yesr 2000.

ECOWAS MEMBER COUNTRIES
(a) ANGLOPHONE: (i) Nigeria (ii) Ghana (iii) Siera leone (iv) ganbia
(v) libera
FRANCO PHONE
(vi) Togo (vii) Guinea (viii) Mali (ix) Senegal (x) Niger Republic (xi) Cape verda (xii) Upper Volta (Burkinafaso) (xiii) Dahomey (Benin Republic) (xiv) Ivory coast (cote de voir) (xv) Guinea Bissau (xvi) Mauritania

ORGAN OF ECOWAS;
The treaty establishing ECOWAS provided for the following organs:
1. The Authority of heads of States: The authority of heads of states and governments. It is made up of all the presidents of the 16 member countries. This organ is the main decision-making today and it is the supreme authority.

2. The council of ministers: the council of ministers is made up of two representatives from and development of the community and make recommendations to the heads of states. They are responsible for implementing the decisions of the heads of states.

3. The executive secretariat: This executive secretariat I located in Lagos to perform the administrative functions of the community.

4. the tribunal of the community: The main functions of this organ are the interpretation of the treaty and ensures the observance of law and justice.

5. Technical and specialized commissions:- These commissions were established to submit reports and recommendation to the council of ministers. Viz
(a) The trade, customs, immigration, monetary and payments
commission.
(b) The Industrial, Agriculture and Natural Resources Commission.
(c) The Transport, Communication and Energy commission.
(d) The Social and Culture Affairs commission
(e) The Defence Commission

THE AIMS OF OBJECTIVES OF ECOWAS
The aims and objectives of ECOWAS as were set out under article 2 of the
Treaty are as follows:
1. Promotion of co-operation of development in all fields of industry, transport, telecommunication, energy, agriculture, natural resources commerce, monetary and financial questions and social and cultural matters for the purpose of raising the standard of living of the peoples, and to faster closer relations among its members and of contributing to the progress and development of the African Continent.

2. Elimination of customs duties:- To eliminate customs duties and other changes in respect of the importation and exportation of goods between member countries.

3. Abolition of trade Restrictions: The abolition of quantitative and administrative restrictions on trade among member states.

4. Establishment of common Tariff:- the establishment of a common custom tariff and a common commercial policy towards third countries.

5. Abolition of Obstacles to free movement:- The abolition as between the member states of the obstacles to free movement of persons, services and capital.

6. Harmonization of Agricultural Policies:- the harmonization of the agricultural policies and the promotion of common projects in the member states notably in the fields of marketing, research and agro-industrial enterprises.

7. implementation of Infrastructural Scheme:- The implementation of schemes for the joint development of transport, communication, energy and other infrastructural facilities as well as the evolution of a common policy in these fields.

8. Harmonization of Economic and Industrial Policies:- The harmonization of the economic and industrial policies of the member states and the elimination of disparities in the level of development of member states.

9. Harmonization of Monetary Policies:- the harmonization is required for the proper function of the community, and of the monetary policies of the member states.

10. Establishment of Common Fund:- The establishment of a fund for cooperation, compensation and development.

11. to promote sporting activities in the sub-organization.

12. To set up military body that will maintain peace in the sub region e.g.

ACHIEVEMENT OF ECOWAS
1. ECOWAS Awareness:- Since the establishment of ECOWAS, there has been an increased sense of community spirit in the West African Sub-region at all levels.

2. Trade liberalization:- This has contributed in the promotion of trade in West Africa.

3. Expansion of market;- this has led to mass production ad increase in supply of goods in this part of the world.

4. increase in competition:- This healthy competitive takes place in all fields of endeavour and has added to the developmental pace of this sub-region.

5. Exchange of raw-materials:- liberalization of trade in unprocessed goods is one of the three components of the trade liberalization as contained in the treaty of the community.

6. Execution of joint Project:- The community serves as an avenue for the planning and execution of joint projects by member states.

7. Increase under the banner of ECOWAS, the bargaining power of member nations in the world market has increased thereby improving tier terms of trade.

8. Availability of More labour:- The community has made more labour available from member countries where they are in abundance to areas of relative scarcity.

9. high standard of Living:- This resulted from the increase in production and supply of goods reduction of prices, free movement of labour, etc.

10. Fostering of unity:- The Community has brought all the 16 member nations together and enhanced move friendly atmosphere among them.

11. Establishment of ECOWAS:- this is a military body of ECOWAS that is set up to maintain peace in the sub region.

12. Establishment of ECOBANK:- This is off-shore commercial bank the community established which took-off in 1990 and it will make currency convertibility possible among member nations.

13. General ECOBANK Growth:- This economic growth will soon make West Africa to be self-sufficient and self-reliant.

14. Miscellaneous Achievement:- these include the field of transport, communications, energy agriculture, ocial and cultural activities.

PROBLEMS OF ECOWAS
1. problems posed by immigrants: The articles of the movement and residence within " community citizens " freedom of movement and residence within the community has created the escalated the problems of illegal aliens.

2. Increase in social vices: The presence of these community citizens in some members states, Nigeria for instance, has escalated the wave of armed robbery, religious bigotry, arson, murder etc.

3. Problem of language:- Differences in language has greatly militated against the efficient functioning of the community.

4. Currency Differences:- The problem has warranted as many as 10 different currencies in the sub-region and has made common payment system difficult among the member - states, which has contributed to the near failure of the community.

5. Fear of Domination and unequal development:- The poorer members fear that as a result of unequal distribution of natural resources, both in human and material endowment, the little they have will as taken away from them and given to those who have more.

6. Escalation of Smuggling:- This problem of smuggling is exacerbated by the free movement of community citizens.

7. Multiplicity of other Association:- many member states belong to many associations where they pay more loyalty and dues than they do to ECOWAS.

8. Affinity to former Colonial masters:- The worst offenders of this are the francophone countries that are yet to cut the economic chains binding them to france and they display more allegiance to these former colonial masters than to ECOWAS.

9. Lack of enough infrastructures:- This has contributed immensely in delaying the achievement of the aims and objectives of the community.

10. Political instability:- As a result of this, many leaders that show great interest in ECOWAS do not stay in office for a long time to help in the achievement of the above aims and objectives.

11. Non-policy implementation:- This problem led to the non-achievement of anything by the community in its first decade.

12. Inadequate contribution of resources:- The resources both financial and human, contributed by member states have always fallen short of the requirement of the community.

13. Weak National Links with the Secretariat:- This has made the secretariat to be unable to know about the happenings in member states and their development strategies.

14. Congestion: This is caused by articles 27 of the community's charter which encourage migration from one member state to another.

15. Unemployment: The community citizens that have left their rural areas to urban areas of other member states with the hope of getting something to do, help to increase the number of unemployed of the member states where they have gone.

16. Ideological Differences:- This has helped to polarize member states of ECOWAS especially into two major ideological camps in capitalism and socialism. If the community therefore, takes any decision that is capitalist in nature, those member states that stick to socialism will not agree to carry it out and vice versa.

Assignment:- Draw the map of ECOWAS member states.

Topic: Lake chad and Niger basin Commission
OUTLINES OF INSTRUCTIONAL CONTENT:
1. Formation, aims and objectives of LCBC
2. Formation, Aims and objectives of NBC
Behavioral Objective:- At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
explain the formation, aims and objectives of LCBC and NBC.

Lake Chad basin Commission (LCBC). It was established in 1964 by the leaders of four countries. Nigeria, Chad, Niger and Cameroun. It was set up to foster co-operation among countries sharing a common border with lake chad with respect to the usage of the lake. The headquarters of LCBC is in Ndjamena, Chad. The commission is funded by contributions from the member nations.

Aims and Objectives of LCBC
1. To enhance the agricultural potential of the lake chad.
2. to ensure economic co-operation and development among its members.
3. To re-afforestate the border areas to check the advancement of the Sahara desert.
4 To enhance the development of irrigation system for agricultural purposes.
5. To control the pollution of the lake.
6. To undertake scheme to control erosion and flood of the border areas.
7. To construct and ensure proper maintenance of dams, wells and boreholes
8. To provide water for rural and urban areas.


Niger basin Commission:- It was established in October 1963 by countries located in the Niger basin to maintain co-operation on the use of the river Niger. These countries are he Republic of Benin, Chad, Cameroun, Guinea, Burkina faso, Nigeria, Mali, Cote de lvoire and Niger Republic. The headquarters of the commission is located in Niamey Niger Republic.

Aims and Objective:
1. To guide navigator on the Niger river
2. To ensure the executive utilization of the resources of the river
3. To streamline the construction of dams on the Niger.
4. To ensure the most effective use of the Niger water.
5. To undertake schemes to control floods and erosion.
6. To promote studies on the agricultural potentials of the River Niger


IMF (International Monetary Fund)
It was set up after the second world war in order to encourage the development of foreign trade. It began operation in 1947 with headquarter in the united state of America. It has about 138 members countries. IMF was established to encourage balance of payment equilibrium and to stabilize exchange rate among member countries.

Objectives of IMF:
1. To establish and stabilize exchange rate among member nations.
2. To make fund available to members to finance balance of payment deficit.
3. To make recommendations to members concerning economic policies to be adopted.
4. To encourage the development of international trade.
5. To promote co-operation among member countries on financial matters.
6. To facilitate settlement of debts in foreign transaction.

Evaluation/Assignment:- What factors have hindered the achievement of the objectives of ECOWAS since its establishment?