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SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
1. Revision of first term work.

2. Human Rights and violation: (a) Fundamental human rights (b) Rights of a child.

3. Human Rights and violation: (c) Rights of women (d) Human rights violation.

4. Family conflicts: Meaning and causes of conflicts in the family.(b) conflict resolution methods e.g. dialogue, mediation, etc.

5. Family crisis – (a) Meaning and types of family crisis – cultism, bereavement, divorce, unemployment, e. t. c (b) Management strategies e.g. changing family roles.

6. Food and Nutrition: (a) Food nutrients- (i)Meaning (ii) Types(iii) sources (iv) Functions (b) deficiency diseases.

7. Food hygiene and food preparation: (a) Meaning and Importance of food hygiene (b) Guidelines for food hygiene (c) Preparation of meals.

8. Practical session: Demonstration on Food preparation and serving of meals.

9. Practical session

10. Revision

TOPIC : Human Rights and Violation.
CONTENT: 1. Fundamental human rights.
2. Rights of the Child.

Sub – Topic: 1. Fundamental human rights.
Fundamental rights of every Nigeria person are the legal entitlements of each one of us. Right can also be called freedom and benefits that are guaranteed to people by law. These are the fundamental rights that are written in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 chapter IV sections 33-43, pages 18-26.
These include:
1. Right to life: No one shall be deprived intentionally of his life.

2. Right to dignity of human person: No one shall, for instance, be subjected to inhuman treatment.

3. Right to fair hearing : Every human person entitled to a fair hearing within a reasonable time by a court or other tribunal established by law without partiality.

4. Right to private and family life: The privacy of citizens, their homes, correspondence, telephone conversation is guaranteed and protected.

5. Right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion: This does not entitle any person to form, take part in the activity or be a member of a secret society.

6. Right to freedom of expression and the press: Every Nigeria is free to express him or herself.

7. Right to peaceful assembly and association: Every person shall be entitled to assemble freely and associate with other persons.

8. Right to freedom of movement: Every Nigeria is entitled to move freely throughout
Nigeria and to reside in any part thereof.

9. Right to freedom from discrimination: No citizen of Nigeria is expected to be discriminated against sex, religion or political opinion.

10. Right to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria


Evaluation:
1. Explain Human rights.
2. Enumerate five fundamental rights of every Nigerian person.

Reading Assignment:
Popoola O. O. Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 2,s Pgs 77 – 85.

Activity:
Read old and current newspapers and magazines. Find out news and articles of human rights.







Sub-Topic 2: Rights of the Child
Rights of the child
1. Right to life: Every child has a right to be alive and enjoy life. A child must not be killed but be allowed to survive and develop.

2. Right to identity: Every child has the right to have a name, family and nationality with which he /she is identified. A child must be registered after birth.

3. Right to association or assembly: Every child is free to belong to any association or assembly according to law.

4. Right to freedom of expression: Every child has the right to express his or her opinions and freely communicate his or her feelings on any issue. Such expression should be to restriction under the law.

5. Right to protection: Every child is entitled to protection from any act that interferes with his or her privacy, honour and reputation. No child must be exposed to any form of danger or risk.

6. Right to leisure: Every child must be given the chance to enjoy adequate rest, recreation and play.

7. Right to education: Every child is entitled to receive compulsory basic education and equal opportunity for higher education depending on individual ability.

8. Right to good health: Every child is entitled to good health, protection from illness and proper medical attention for survival, personal growth and development.

9. Right to freedom from maltreatment: Every must be protected from all kinds of inhuman treatment.

10. Right to freedom from discrimination: No child should suffer any discrimination. Irrespective of ethnic origin, birth, colour, sex, language, religion, political and social beliefs, status or disability, every child must be regarded and treated like others.


Evaluation:
1. Right means.............................................
2. Enumerate five principles of a child.

Activity:
Some children do not go to school because their parents are poor. Organize a debate in your class on this subject and come out with a paper on how such children could be helped to gain access to education.

ASSIGNMENT:
1. Popoola O.O. Workbook on New Concepts for JSS Book 2, unit 9, page 19
2. State 10 principles of child’s right.
3. Freedoms and benefits that are guaranteed to people by law are called
(a) Bills (b) rights (c) responsibilities (d) requirements (e) needs
4. Which of the following is NOT a human right granted to a Nigerian child?
(a) Right to murder (b) Right to education (c) Right to leisure (d) Right to life.

TOPIC: Human Rights and violation
CONTENT: 1. Rights of women.
2. Human rights violation.

SUB-TOPIC 1: Rights of Women.
Women and men are entitled to all the fundamental human rights. However, in some countries, women and girls are discriminated against in certain rights. This discrimination affects women, families and nations in different ways. Therefore, the United Nations (UN), of which Nigeria is a member, adopted a Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).


Some of the Rights of women as stated by CEDAW:
1. The right to the same employment opportunities, as men.
2. The right to free choice of profession and employment.
3. The right to promotion, job security and all benefits and conditions of service.
4. The right to family benefits.
5. The right to bank loans, mortgages and other forms of financial credit.
6. The right to participate in recreational activities, sports and all aspects of cultural life.
7. Right to participate in development activities at all levels.
8. Right to have access to adequate health care facilities.
9. Right to obtain all types of training and education, formal and non-formal.

The influence of custom and culture on women’s Rights
In some parts of the country, customs deprive women of certain rights, which seems to be
supported by the customary laws of the country. The customary laws have respect for the decisions of traditional and community leaders of a place in order to retain existing traditional and Community structure.


Such rights taken away from women by custom and local traditions are as
follows:
1. Women are not allowed to own landed property.
2. Women are not allowed to inherit their late husband’s property.
3. Women are not allowed to inherit any of their father’s property except the property was given to them by their late father during his life time.


Evaluation:
1. State five rights of a woman.
2. Enumerate three rights taken away from women by custom and local traditions in some parts of the country.

Activity:
Read old and current newspapers and magazines. Find out news or articles on human rights.

Reading Assignment:
Popoola O.O. Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 2, Pages 82 -83.




Sub-Topic 2: Human Rights Violation.
Human rights violation is the act of going against or refusing to obey the rights of others.
The existence of rights of individuals does not always guarantee that a person’s right will be protected. There are times and situations when rights are violated.


Violation of rights occurs when, for instance,
i. When a child is not allowed to go to school by parents or some other persons.
ii. A person is abused. A child or an adult can be abused in different ways, such as physical attack, women trafficking and traditional harmful practices.
iii. A person is prevented from enjoying the rights.
iv. When females are being abused through forced marriage or sexual harassment such as rape.
v. A citizen is punished without following the rule of the law.
vi. A citizen is arrested without knowing the reason of his / her arrest or offence.
vii. When there is violence in a state or town, the government can introduce curfew or state of emergency and order the arrest of anyone found in the streets. This removes some rights from people in order to bring about peace in the area.
viii. If disagreement among members of clubs, association or groups disturbs the peace of the neighbourhood, government can ban such clubs and withdraw their registration in order to bring about peace.
ix. Parents sending out children of young age to hawk in the streets.
x. Government acquiring or depriving a person of his property without payment of compensation.


Evaluation
1. State five ways a person’s right might be violated.
2. Rights are ………………………..
(a) freedoms and benefits (b) responsibilities (c) requirements (d) needs.

Activity
Listen to news on radio and television. Read newspapers. Do this for one week. Make a note of all
You have read. Group the information you obtain under the following headings:
i. Issues on fundamental human rights.
ii. Issues on rights of the child.
iii. Issues on rights of women.
iv. Issues on violation of rights.

Weekly Assignment
1. Popoola O.O Workbook on Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 2, unit 9, Page19.
2. State any two places from which a person whose right is violated may seek help.
3. State 10 principles of child’s rights.
4. Mention five ways by which the rights of an individual may be violated.
5. Enumerate three situations where a woman has no right because of customs and
traditions.
6. Freedoms and benefits that are guaranteed to people by law are called
(a) Bills (b) rights (c) responsibilities (d) requirements (e) needs
7. Human right violation is an …………………………………………..
(a) Act of doing wrong (b) act of obeying the law (c) act of going against the law
(d) Act of respecting the law.
8. Which of the following is NOT a human right granted to a Nigerian child?
(a) Right to murder (b) Right to education (c) Right to leisure (d) Right to life.

Topic: Family conflicts
CONTENT: 1. Meaning and causes of conflicts in the family.
2. Conflicts resolution methods e.g. dialogue, mediation e.t.c.

Sub-Topic 1: Meaning and causes of conflicts in the family.
A Conflict is a struggle or disagreement or argument between people that struggle may be verbal, physical or both. Conflict simply means disagreement or lack of cooperation. It refers to the inability of a number of people to work together in order to achieve a common goal. Conflicts range from little disagreement between friends, family members to violent battles between enemies.
A family conflict is a struggle between two or more family members who disagree over issues. There could be conflicts between husband and wife or between siblings or even between parents and children.


Causes of conflicts in the family:
Conflicts can be caused by the following:
1. Negligence: Conflicts occur when parents focus so much on their jobs to the detriment of their family.

2. Conflicting opinions and ideas: Maturing children in the family form their own opinion and values which may clash with the views of their parents.

3. Defiance: Older children often don’t like to bend to discipline as easily as younger children and this may cause conflict.

4. Changes: Such as divorce, Family arrival of a new baby, moving to a new house.

5. Personality differences: No two individuals are the same, not even twins. Individual differences arise from heredity and environment. Some people may be slow and quiet while others could be fast, noisy and out-going. These different behavioural patterns can bring about conflicts in the family.

6. Act of unfaithfulness by the wife or husband.

7. Lack of adequate money to meet the demands of the wife and the children by the father.

8. Loss of jobs by either or both parents can lead to conflict.

9. Poor performance of children at school.

10. Interference of outsiders either from husband’s or wife’s family.

Causes of Conflicts – power struggles


Evaluation:
1. State the meaning of a conflict?
2. Enumerate five sources of conflicts in the family.

Activity
Think of a conflict you have had recently with a friend or member of your family. Write about :
i. Cause of that conflict.
ii. Ways the conflict was resolved.

Reading Assignment:
Popoola O.O. Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 2, Pages 86 – 89.





Sub – Topic 2: Conflicts resolution methods e.g. dialogue, mediation etc.
Some important guidelines in conflicts resolution:
1. Use words, not fists.
2. Take a decision to resolute the conflict peacefully.
3. Try to talk in a place other people will not distract you or interfere with your efforts.
4. No one person should dominate the talking. Every person must be given the chance to talk.
5. Use active listening and keep an open mind.
6. Show respect to other person.
7. Control your voice.
8. Speak the truth.
9. Control your tongue.


Ways of resolving conflicts in the family:
1. Dialogue: This is a discussion between two people or groups in order to reach an agreement. A couple may decide on their own and agree to put an end to quarrel. The parents may decide to call the conflicting children together and discuss the resolution of existing conflicts.

2. Negotiation compromise: This means trying to reach an agreement by discussion. To achieve an agreement, each party should not insist on winning the argument at all cost. They should respect the views of one another by paying attention and listening to the other party’s arguments.

3. Mediation: This means involving a third party in resolving a conflict between two people or more who are disagreeing. The third parties may be elders in the family or in the neighbourhood. They could also be religious leaders. These people pacify the disagreeing parties and help them to resolve the conflict.

4. Decision-making: This means agreeing on an issue. The husband and wife should be able to discuss and agree on certain matters that affect the family. Each person must keep to the agreement. It may be agreement to keep same bank account for spending family money effectively.

5. Counselling: This is a method of seeking advice from respected people or organisation such as religious bodies. The officers of the religious bodies can talk to couples on good family life, how to avoid conflicts and how couples can resolve conflicts when they occur.

6. Social workers services: There some people whose duty is to ensure harmony in every family. They are called social workers. They help to stop anti-social behaviour that could cause conflicts among family members and in the society.

8. Use of law enforcement agents: Very strong conflicts that result into fighting, assault, physical damage to the body, killing and other serious cases can be referred to the police or civil defence officers for settlement.

9. Use of law court: The court is a place where two or more people who are aggrieved or displeased on an issue settle their disagreement.


Evaluation:
1. Enumerate 5 ways of resolving conflicts in the family.
2. Family conflicts could lead to.................................

Weekly Assignment:
1. Popoola O.O Workbook on Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 2, unit 10, Page 20.
2. The struggle between two or more people who disagree is called
(a) Conflict (b) crises (c) problem (d) challenge (e) fault.
3. For the welfare of the family, conflicts are best
(a) Overlooked (b) resolved (c) ignored (d) suppressed (e) buried
4. Unresolved conflicts can lead to
(a) Hostility (b) peace (c) harmony (d) negotiation (e) messages
5. Giving in on some points of disagreement and having your ways in others is
(a) giving-up (b) surrender (c) compromise (d) weakness (e) strength
7. Conflict can be resolved through the following EXCEPT:
(a) Negotiation (b) mediation (c) dialogue (d) interferences

Topic: Family Crisis
CONTENT: 1. Meaning and types of family crisis
2. Management strategies e.g. changing family roles.


Sub-Topic 1: Meaning and types of family crisis.
Meaning of family crisis:
A family crisis is a situation that marks a turning-point, when things cease to go on as usual
in the family. A crisis is a change in the normal way of life of the family.


Different types of family crisis:

Family crisis includes:
1. Cultism
2. Bereavement
3. Divorce
4. Unemployment and poverty
5. Arrival of a new baby
6 Clashes of personality
7. Relocation of family
8. Problems at school
9. Illness and Accident
10. Wayward children and school dropouts

Cultism:
Cultism is anti-social and when one member of the family joins the group, he / she feels superior to other family members and tries to suppress positive values of other family members. He / she can commit an offence that can damage the image of the family.
Bereavement: Death is traumatic. It causes severe emotional shock. The death of a family member may shatter the lives of the other members. For instance, the death of the breadwinner could mean the loss of hope for children’s education.


Divorce: Divorce means the break-up of a marriage. This is one of the most serious crises in any family. It is even more serious when children are involved and parents disagree over custody.
Custody is the legal responsibility of housing and caring for children. Divorce has negative effects on Husband, wife, children and in-laws.

Unemployment:
When a family member especially the bread-winner, loses his job, a serious crisis results. In such situations, family needs can no longer be met. For instance, education of the children can come to a sudden end.

Problems at school: Some children have different problem in schools. Such problems include:
Examination malpractice, failure in examination, truancy, participating in cult activities, suspension and expulsion. These create crisis in the families. There is often tension, anxiety, strain and stress.

Illness and Accident: A serious illness or accident can greatly disrupt family life and lead to crisis.

Arrival of a new baby:
The arrival of a new baby is normally a joy to the family but it can also be a source of crisis in the following ways:
i. The father may feel neglected as mother turns all her attention to the baby.
ii. Other children may also feel neglected and become jealous.
iii. More money will be needed for the baby’s need.
iv. It means more demand on the mother’s time and energy.


Clashes of personality:
Family members differ, likes and dislikes. They also differ in ways they react to situations. Some are fast while others are slow. In spite of all the differences they are expected to agree with each other and work together in harmony. However when they disagree seriously there may be clashes in personality. Family crisis may occur.

Relocation of family:
Sometimes a family may have to move from the community, town or state where they live to another. They have to get used to their new location, meet new people, attend new schools, find out
new shopping centres, churches, hospitals e. t. c. These situations are sources of crisis.

Evaluation:
1. Explain the meaning of family crisis.
2. Enumerate five common family crises.
3. State 3 ways in which the arrival of a new – born baby can lead to crisis.

Activity:
Students should identify some of the causes of crisis in their homes.

Reading Assignment:
Popoola O.O Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 2, Pages 90 – 96.




Sub-Topic 2: Management strategies e.g. changing family roles.
The following are some of the ways of managing crisis in the home:
1. Family roles can be altered when there is a new baby. The father and the older children can help in family chores that were formally carried out by the mother.

2. The family should plan and prepare properly before each new baby arrives.

3. Family roles can be altered when there is a new baby. The father and the older children can help in family chores that were formally carried out by the mother.

4. Education that is literacy of family members is a good tool for fighting family crisis because education creates awareness on possible ways to adjust in difficult situations.

5. Maturity and sense of responsibility helps to maintain peace in the family.

6. Parents should show and encourage the practice of forgiving other people’s offence.

7. Parents should counsel their children periodically on anti-social matters that can cause family crisis. Children need to taught to avoid stealing, lying, prostitution, smoking, drinking, truancy, over-dressing and laziness.

8. Members of the family should reduce disagreement among themselves.

9. The family should have good code of conduct for all members of the family.

10. There should be open communication among parent, children and school.

11. Family members should show love and support to their sick one.

Evaluation:
1. Enumerate five common family crises.
2. Describe any five ways a family can manage crisis.


Activity:
Find out from your parents the type of family crisis that had occurred in the family. Ask them how they were able to manage the crisis. Let your parents explain to you how family members can
prevent crisis from happening or how to control crisis from it occurs.

Weekly Assignment:
1. Popoola O.O. WorkBook on Home Economics New Concepts Book 2, unit 11, Page 21.
2. Mention 3 ways in which the arrival of a new-born baby can lead to crisis.
3. List 4 roles of family members which if not performed can cause crisis.
4. One of the following is not an effect of family crisis.
(a)Lying (b) Flirting (c) Academic achievement (d) Drug abuse
5. A situation that marks a turning –point, when things cease to go as usual in a family is called;
(a) Crisis (b) conflict (c) debate (d) right (e) decision
6. ………………….. Is not a type of family crisis?
(a) Divorce (b) Cultism (c) Accident (d) Value
7. …………..is a management strategy for family crisis.
(a) Separation of the family (b) Changing family roles (c) Hazards and crisis (d) Family values.
8. …………….. Can lead to a broken home.
(a) Engagement (b) Reinforcement (c) crisis (d) Divorce

Topic: Foods and Nutrition
CONTENT: 1. Meaning, types of Food Nutrients and functions.
2. Sources and Deficiency diseases of each food nutrient.

Sub-Topic 1: Meaning and types of Food Nutrients.
Meaning of food
Food is any liquid or solid substance which when eaten and digested can provide the body with nourishment. Food is vital to life. The food we eat contains six basic nutrients that the body uses to perform different functions.
Nutrition is the scientific study of the food we eat and how it nourishes the body.
Nutrients are the chemical substances in food which the body uses to make it function correctly and stay healthy. Examples of food nutrients are carbohydrates, protein, fats and oil etc.


Types of Food Nutrients
There are six different types of food nutrients. These include:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Protein
3. Fats and oil
4. Minerals
5. Vitamins
6. Water

Food Nutrients Functions
1. Carbohydrates -Provide the body with heat and energy
-Excess carbohydrates in the body is stored as body fat.


2. Proteins -For body growth.
-Building of new tissues.
-Repair of worn out or damaged tissues.


. Fats & oil -Provide the body with heat and energy.
-Surplus is stored as body fat.


4. Vitamin -Protects the body from diseases.
-Important for vitality.


5. Minerals -Helps the body to build strong bones and teeth.
-Essential for normal functioning of the body.


6. Water -Aids digestion, absorption and metabolism of food.
-It is important for body fluids and tissues e.g. saliva, blood, urine.
-It regulates the body temperature.


Evaluation:
1. Define the term Food Nutrient.
2. List six types of Nutrients.
3. Excess carbohydrate in the body is stored as ………………..
4. State two functions of the following Nutrients: (i) Vitamin (ii) Protein (iii) Water

Activity:
Bring different food items to the class and allow the students to separate them according to their nutrients.

Reading Assignment:
Popoola O.O. Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 2, Pages 97 -103.




Sub-Topic 2: Sources and Deficiency disease of food nutrients.
Sources of food nutrients
Food nutrients can be obtained from different sources. The sources are the food items which we take.
Nutrients Sources
1. Carbohydrates -Yam, cassava, rice, bread, maize, sugar, potatoes, cereals e. t. c.
2. Proteins -Meat, fish, eggs, milk, beans, peas, cheese e. t. c.
3. Fats & oil -Butter, margarine, palm oil, groundnut oil, oily fish and meat, lard.
4. Vitamins -Fresh fruits, vegetables, egg yolk, cod liver oil e. t. c.
5. Minerals -Green vegetables, milk, eggs, liver, beans, onion, sea food etc.
6. Water -Fruits, beverages, drinking water, vegetables.

Deficiency Diseases of Nutrients
If foods taken do not contain enough nutrients, the body will not function properly. This will cause the body to suffer what is called Deficiency diseases. Each deficiency disease is as a result of lack of some important nutrients in the body.

Nutrients Deficiency diseases
1. Carbohydrates -Lack of energy
-Marasmus
-Tiredness


2. Protein -Poor growth and development.
-Kwashiorkor


3. Fats & oil -Skin may become rough and dry.
-Excess fat in the body will lead to obesity.


4. Vitamins -Weakness and loss of appetite
-Body will be easily affected by diseases.


5. Minerals - Weak bones and teeth
-Poor clotting of blood - Rickets in children, Anaemia, Goitre.


6. Water -Dehydration
-Indigestion


Evaluation:
1. Enumerate five sources of each class of food nutrient.
2. Describe three diseases associated with food nutrients deficiency.
3. Orange is a good source of ……………. (a) protein (b) vitamin (c) carbohydrate
(d) fats oil.
4. …………. Is important for body tissues and fluids (a) fats (b) maize (c) water
(d) bread (e) sugar
5. Which of the following is very important for proper development of the bones
and teeth?
(a) Minerals (b) oils (c) groundnuts (d) vitamins
Activity:
List all the foods commonly eaten in your community. Group them according to their nutrients.

Weekly Assignment:
1. Popoola O.O. WorkBook on Home Economics New Concepts Book 2, unit 11, Page 21.
2. State any three uses of food in the body.
3. Mention two functions of vitamins.
4. Mention four deficiency diseases which occur as a result of inadequate nutrients in the body.
5. The food we eat contains ……….. basic nutrients.
(a) Eight (b) six (c) two (d) five
6 … makes the body to grow (a) carbohydrates (b) water (c) protein (d) vitamin
7. Lack of water in the body leads to ……………….
8. Fruits are good sources of ………. (a) Minerals (b) proteins (c) fats (d) vitamins.
9. …………. are for protecting the body from diseases.
(a) Starch (b) carbohydrates (c) vitamins (d) oils (e) fats
10. Which of the following is a deficiency disease?
(a) Malaria (b) Fever (c) AIDS(d) Kwashiorkor (e) Measles
11. Which of the following is a body – builder?
(a) Yam (b) Fat (c) Roughage (d) Beans (e) Oil

Topic: Food Hygiene and Food preparation.
CONTENT: 1. Meaning and Importance of Food Hygiene.
2. Guidelines for Food Hygiene.
3. Preparation of Meals.


Sub-Topic 1: Meaning and Importance of Food Hygiene.
Meaning of Food Hygiene
Food Hygiene can be defined as the sanitary practices by food handlers to prevent food in all forms
(Raw, fresh, cooked, processed) from being contaminated.

Food Hygiene means preventing harmful bacteria from growing in food, by keeping the kitchen, appliances, tools and yourself clean, as well as washing, cooking, preserving and storing food properly. This is also called food sanitation.


Importance of Food Hygiene
1. It prevents food poisoning.
2. It minimizes the risk of food borne diseases.
3. It promotes good health.
4. It enables consumers to live healthy after consuming the prepared food.
5. It encourages healthy purchases.
6. It improves standard of living.
7. Hygiene helps to ensure that stored water is safe and good for drinking and cooking.
8. The practice of hygiene makes the homemaker or cook look tidy, attractive and without bad odour.
9. It makes storage equipment, cooking and serving utensils neat and last long e.g. refrigerator, pots, trays, plates and spoons.
10. It prevents bad colour and odour from the kitchen and makes it look neat, well organised and attractive.


Evaluation:
1. Define food hygiene.
2. State five importance of food hygiene.




Sub-Topic 2: Guidelines and rules for Food Hygiene
Guidelines and rules for Food Hygiene
1. Purchase food from a clean and tidy environment.
2. Buy foods that are wholesome i.e. fresh and not dented if they are canned foods.
3. Prepare foods under hygiene condition, that is, the kitchen must be kept clean all the time.
4. Store foods appropriately, that is, perishable foods are to be kept in freezers and refrigerators while other foods are to be stored in dry and air-tight containers.
5. Wash fresh fruits and vegetables thoroughly. When these are eaten raw, a little salt can be added to the washing water.
6. Clean canned food before opening.
7. Cover cooked foods with a lid and serve hot.
8. Keep pests away from all food and the kitchen. If insecticide is used to kill pests, do not allow it to come in contact with food or surfaces, utensils or containers that will touch food.
9. Serve food in a clean plate and use clean cutlery to eat the food.
10. Wash your hands thoroughly before working with foods and after using the toilet.


Evaluation:
1. State six guidelines for food hygiene.
2. ........................ refers to methods or ways of keeping foods safe to eat.

Activity:
List any five meals commonly prepared in your home. Observe and write down any five food hygiene practices that are practised in your home.

Reading Assignment:
Popoola O.O. Home Economics New Concepts for JSS Book 2, Pages 104 -115.





Sub-Topic 3: Preparation of Meals.
The cooking and serving of meals is an art. Cooking is the process of preparing food. Food is cooked for the following reasons:

• To make the food edible.
• To improve the flavour and taste of the food.
• To make the food soft and easy to digest.
• To preserve the food from destruction by micro-organisms.

When you see a well cooked meal, attractively served, it helps to stimulate the appetite and eating becomes interesting.

Guidelines for cooking and serving simple Meals
1. Plan what is to be cooked, how and when to cook. Meals should be balanced.
2. Write a shopping list to guide you. Remember to make use of food in season.
3. Arrange the kitchen in such a way that all that is needed are at close range and are clean.
4. The cook must be prepared both hygienically and physically.
5. Ensure to use the best method of cooking for the dishes chosen.


Cooking Methods
i. Boiling: Cooking in boiling water.
ii. Frying: Cooking in hot oil.
iii. Steaming: Cooking in steam from boiling water.
iv. Stewing: Cooking slowly in low heat in little liquid.
v. Baking: Cooking food in dry hot air inside the oven.
vi. Roasting: Cooking food in dry heat by an open fire or over heated charcoal; in heated sand or ash; in an enclosed space with hot fat or oil poured over the food.
vii. Grilling: Cooking food over, under or in front of a smokeless fire.


Preparation of simple Meals
Different types of meals can be prepared using simple recipes based on available foodstuffs.

Foodstuffs Meals / dishes
Yam -Fried yam, yam pancake, yam ball, yam porridge e.t.c.
Rice -Fried rice, jollof rice, coconut rice e. t. c
Beans -Moin-moin, Akara (bean-cake) e. t. c.

1. Yam Pancake
This is a savoury dish. A savoury dish is a dish that does not contain sugar.
Recipe: -1 cup of grated yam
-1 medium sized onion (chopped)
-2 small peppers (chopped)
-1 cup of oil
-Salt to taste
-1 egg
-Crayfish (ground)

Procedure:
i. Beat the grated yam in a bowl.
ii. Mix the grated yam, chopped ingredients, beaten egg and crayfish, season with salt.
iii. Heat the oil and fry the mixture, with a tablespoonful at a time.
iv. When brown underneath, turn to the other side and fry until brown.
v. Serve hot.
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01nOGuYI_O8[/youtube]

2. Egg custard (This can be steamed or baked
Ingredients: ¼ litre of milk, 1 egg, 1 table spoon of sugar, vanilla essence (if desired).

Method:
-Put the sugar into a mixing bowl.
-Break the egg into the bowl.
-Add milk and vanilla essence slowly and whisk.
-Pour into a greased pyrex dish or any other container suitable for steaming.
-Place in a steamer.
-Steam for about 30 minutes or until the custard is set.
-Serve hot.
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfDRIpXct9E[/youtube]

Preparation of Snacks
Snacks are light meals that are taken in-between meals. They should not be used as main meals for breakfast, lunch and supper. Examples are: Plantain chips, Chin-chin, Cake, Meat- pie, Sausage rolls, Doughnut, Yam balls, Sandwiches e. t. c.

3. Preparation of Chips
Chips can be prepared from unripe plantain, yam, potatoes e. t. c.
Recipe: - 4 medium sized potatoes / 2 finger unripe plantain
-500ml vegetable oil
-Salt to taste.


Procedure:
i. Wash and peel potatoes.
ii. Slice thinly.
iii. Season lightly with salt.
iv. Fry in deep oil until crispy and golden brown.
v. Drain in a colander.
vi. Serve hot.
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75cGjP4aAtI[/youtube]

4. Sausage Roll
Recipe: -500g flour
-75g butter / fat
-Pinch of salt
-Seasoning e.g. nutmeg
-500g sausage meat or satis
-2 eggs
-1 cup of cold water


Procedure:
i. Sift flour, salt and seasoning together.
ii. Rub in the butter with flour.
iii. Add water and mix.
iv. Mix the pastry well and roll in a lightly floured board until it mixes well and free from sticking.
v. Cut pastry into rectangular shapes.
vi. Roll out the pastry on a board and put the sausage meat in a strip.
vii. Wet the edges of the pastry and roll it over the sausage.
viii. Cut into desired sizes.
ix. Break and whisk egg, use to brush the sausage roll on the top.
x. Grease the baking tray and arrange the sausage roll inside the tray.
xi. Bake in a moderately hot oven for 20 to 30 minutes.
xii. Serve with hot or cold beverage.
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JSUx61JSbJQ[/youtube]

5. Akara balls (Bean-cake)
Recipe: -1 cup of beans
-1 small onion
-vegetable oil
-salt to taste
-pepper to taste


Procedure:
i. Pick the beans and wash to remove seed coats.
ii. Grind into a very smooth paste.
iii. Stir in a mortar using the pestle, adding a little water at a time. This incorporate air.
iv. Continue stirring until the mixture becomes light and fluffy.
v. Add chopped onions, pepper and salt to taste. Mix thoroughly.
vi. Fry in deep hot oil until golden brown. Serve hot.
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQDw-P3CkAw[/youtube]

Drinks
Drinks are liquid substances made from fruits and beverages. A beverage is a liquid for drinking. There are three types of beverages. They are: Refreshing beverages, Stimulating beverages and Nourishing beverages.
i. Refreshing beverages: These are fruit drinks such as pineapple drink, orange drink, apple drink e. t. c.
ii. Stimulating beverages: These are drinks that stimulate the body in cold weather e. g. coffee, tea e. t. c
iii. Nourishing beverages: These are drinks such as milk drink, egg flip milk shakes, egg nog, milk with honey e. t. c.

Preparation of fruit drinks
Fruit drinks can be prepared using a single fruit or combination of two or more fruits. Syrup, which is derived by dissolving sugar in hot water and allow to cool is added to the juice of the fruits.

6. Orange drink
Recipe: -2 oranges
-Syrup to taste
-About 280ml cold water


Procedure:
i. Wash the oranges thoroughly. Rinse in salty water. Drain.
ii. Cut the fruits into two halves cross-wise.
iii. Squeeze out the juice. Use a fruit juicer if available.
iv. Strain through a clean strainer to remove any seeds.
v. Add the water.
vi. Add syrup. Chill.
vii. Pour into glasses and serve.
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AYZ_RT_8ZY[/youtube]

7. Pineapple drink
Recipe: -1 medium sized pineapple
-1 table spoonful lime juice (if desired)
-Syrup to taste
-300ml clean cold water.


Procedure:
i. Wash the whole pineapple. Rinse in salty water.
ii. Peel and grate the pineapple.
iii. Add water to the grated pineapple, pass through a clean strainer.
iv. Add lime juice, syrup and water. Mix properly.
v. Chill and serve.
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AbdpnwwY88[/youtube]

8. Preparation of Tea
Tea is a mild stimulating drink. There are different kinds of tea which may differ in flavour and aroma. Always buy in small quantities store in tightly covered containers to preserve flavour and aroma.

Recipe: -1 tea bag or 1 teaspoon of tea leaves
-Boiling water
-Milk (as desired)
-Sugar to taste.


Procedure:
i. Boil clean water.
ii. Rinse teapot with hot water.
iii. Put one teabag for each person in the teapot.
iv. Add enough boiling water for the bag.
v. Leave to infuse for at least 3 minutes.
vi. Pour into tea cups.
vii. Serve with milk and sugar to taste.
[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MV2zpq9P2zo[/youtube]

Methods of serving drinks, snacks and meals
a. Serving drinks
Drinks are served to guests from bottles, kettles or jugs. Clean glass cups are usually used for serving drinks during meals. Drinks that can be served in this way include water, orange drink, pineapple drink e. t. c.
For beverages such as tea or coffee, serve when hot in teacups on saucer. Put a tea spoon by each cup on the saucer for stirring the liquid. Serve the tea from a kettle or a flask.


b. Serving snacks
Snacks include sausage, meat or fish pie, bean cake (akara), fried plantain, potato chips, yam chips, roasted groundnut e. t. c.
Snacks are usually served in plates if to be eaten immediately. But if not, they are wrapped in paper or packed in foil paper or small polythene bags, when cooled.


[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgjk7HUg1y4[/youtube]

c. Serving meals
Meals are served different ways. The following are some of the ways of serving meals: tray service, traditional service, plate service, buffet service e. t. c.
Tray service: Here food and drinks are served in individual trays.

Buffet service: Plates, napkins, serviette, food and drinks are arranged on the buffet table and guests help themselves to the food. This is an easy way of entertaining a large number of guests.

Plate service: The food is placed in each person’s plate in the kitchen or from one corner of the hall. The food could be in food warmers. The filled plates are brought to the table or handed over to guest by hand.



Washing up after meal preparation and Service
After meal preparation and service, it is very important to wash up utensils and put the kitchen in order. The following are the guidelines and procedures for washing up and putting the kitchen in order.
1. Sort the dishes into groups, that is, glassware, cutlery, dishes, pans, tins and pots.
2. Fill the bowls with hot soapy water.
3. Carefully wash glasses first, rinse in water and leave to drain.
4. Wash cutlery and avoid soaking the wooden handles in water.
5. Wash all serving dishes.
6. Wash the cooking pots and pans.
7. Rinse every item well in clean water.
8. Drain the items in a basket or dish rack.
9. Wipe all dishes carefully with a clean towel.
10. Keep all the items away in their proper places.
11. Keep plastic materials away from heat and fire to avoid melting them.
12. Rinse the sink and wipe it dry.
13. Wipe the table and cooker used. Ensure that the kitchen looks neat and tidy.
14. Wash the dish cloth and put out to dry in the sun.


Evaluation:
1. State the recipe and procedure for making a refreshing fruit drink.
2. List three nourishing drinks.
3. Mention three meals that can be derived from yam.
4. Name any five materials needed for washing up after meal preparation.
5. State any 5 procedures for washing up after meal preparation.

Activity:
1. Mention your best food. Name five equipment and the ingredients or recipe for preparing it.
2. Students should bring some fruits in season and the teacher should assist them in the preparation of fruit drink and a simple meal.

Weekly Assignment:
1. Popoola O.O. WorkBook on Home Economics New Concepts Book 2, unit 13, Page 25 – 27.
2. State 5 methods of cooking.
3. Mention 4 reasons for cooking food.
4. List any 5 simple meals.
5. Name 3 refreshing drinks. State the recipe and procedure for making each drink.
6. Cooking food in water is known as ………………
(a) frying (b) stewing (c) boiling (d) dicing
7. The art of cooking and serving is known as ………………
(a) Food service (b) food storage (c) food processing (d) food preparation.
8. Which of these is a snack?
(a) Yam pottage (b) Jollof rice (c) sausage roll (d) pounded yam
9. Which of the following is a nourishing drink?
(a) Milk shake (b) Orange drink (c) Guava drink (d) Pineapple drink.
10. Food hygiene is practised by …………..
(a) Stoves (b)food handlers (c) teachers (d) students.
11. Which of the following is not a refreshing drink?
(a) Orange drink (b) Pawpaw drinks (c) Milk shake (d) Lemon drink.
12. One of these must be added to a fruit drink
(a) Sugar (b) Water (c)Salt (d) Syrup.
13. Which of these is not a method of cooking in food preparation?
(a) Boiling (b) Dicing (c) Frying (d) Baking.

Topic: Practical Session
CONTENT: Demonstration on Food preparation and Serving of meals.
Prepare and serve one simple:
(i) Drink
(ii) Snack
(iii) Meal

[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGVADxg5k60[/youtube]

Topic: Practical Session
CONTENT: Demonstration on Food preparation and Serving of meals.
Prepare and serve one simple:
(i) Drink
(ii) Snack
(iii) Meal

[youtube]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDBM-8hkwG0[/youtube]