3RD TERM

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MAIN TOPIC: NATIONAL UNITY.
SPECIFIC TOPIC: NATIONAL UNITY- MEANING AND ADVANTAGE.
REFERENCE BOOKS: Social Studies for Nigerian JSS Book 1, by Remi E. Aiyede Et al. Basic Social Studies for Nigeria Secondary Schools by Anikpo et al. Simplified Social Studies forJSS by Ogunwale A.

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. define national unity.
2. list the advantages of national unity.

CONTENTS:
WHAT IS NATIONAL UNITY AND INTEGRATION?
This is the process of uniting various groups into a single nation with common values, resources and interest.
Also it is a situation where the entire people, groups and organization of a country understand one another so well that there is love, cooperation, peace and harmony among them.

National unity and integration implies that the people are united, tolerant and accept one another either as individuals or as group.
Beside all these, it implies a situation where the people in a country enjoy the freedom to live and own property in any part of the country without discrimination or molestation.

ADVANTAGES OF NATIONAL UNITY
1. It will create an enabling environment and a conducive atmosphere that will attract manufacturers, entrepreneurs and businessmen to establish industries in the country.
2. It will make the nation to be in a better position to provide greater internal security and defend itself when there is external attack.
3. It will provide the people of Nigeria with a wider market for their products and greater opportunities for employment.
4. It will bring about love, peace, harmony, progress and development in the country, for a country without unity, there can be no peace and development.
5. It will provide a large labour market throughout the country and makes division of labour easier in the country.
6. It will also bring about adequate workforce.
7. It will bring about political stability where people will belong freely to any political party or association he/she wants without fear.

EVALUATION/ CLASSWORK:
1. What is national unity and integration?
2. List the advantages of national unity and integration to Nigeria.





LESSON 54
MAIN TOPIC: NATIONAL UNITY AND INTEGRATION.
SPECIFIC TOPIC: PROMOTING NATIONAL UNITY.
REFERENCE BOOKS: Social Studies for Nigerian JSS Book 1, by Remi E. Aiyede Et al. Basic Social Studies For Nigeria Secondary Schools by Anikpo et al. Simplified Social Studies for JSS by Ogunwale A.

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. explain what national identity means.
2. mention and explain some national symbols of Nigeria.


CONTENTS:
THE CONCEPT OF NATIONAL IDENTITY.
Nigeria is a country with multi language and many ethnic groups. This means it must develop characteristics that are shared by all and these may be values, symbols and practices.

SYMBOLS OF NATIONAL UNITY.
A symbol is a thing which is generally regarded by people as representing or recalling something important to them. Some of the national symbols of Nigeria are as follow:

1. The Nigerian Coat of Arms- This was adopted when Nigeria became independent in 1960. It is also called the Nigerian <armorial bearing>. The following are the meaning of the features on the Nigerian Coat of Arms.

Eagle.................Strength.
Y........................Rivers Niger and Benue.
Black shield.......The fertile soil of Nigeria.
Two Horses.......The dignity.
The wreath of flower....The natural vegetation or aesthetic value of Nigeria.
The Motto..........Unity, Faith, Peace and Progress.

2. The Nigerian National Flag- This was introduced in 1960 to replace Union Jack. The National Flag was designed by Mr. Taiwo Akinkunmi. The colour is Green and White. Green colour represents our country's rich agricultural resources, while White represents peace, unity and love among Nigerians.


3. The National Anthem- The National Anthem was adopted in 1ST, October 1978 with a National pledge. It was composed to replace the old one which showed our differences.


4. The National Youth Service Corps- This is a programme introduced to harmonize Nigeria after 1970 civil war. It was introduce to bring unity among Nigerians. It was introduced in 1974.



5. The Nigeria Currency- The Naira notes was introduced to Nigerian economy in 1ST, January 1973 to replace Pounds and Shillings which was the currency of our former colonial master Britain.


6. Nigeria before 2nd, April 1972 used to drive through the left hand, but this was changed on the date mentioned above to right hand driving.

EVALUATION/ CLASSWORK:
1.What is National Identity?
2. Mention and explain some National symbols in Nigeria.

ASSIGNMENT: In your notebook, draw and label the Nigerian Coat of Arms.

further studies
http://www.nairaland.com/680412/unity-i ... on-nigeria

http://www.kwenu.com/publications/aduji ... _unity.htm

http://eaglesislandtech.blogspot.com/20 ... y-and.html



Topic: National Integration
Specific topic: Meaning and Factors that Promote National Integration
Reference book: SOLAKAT NEW SYLLABUS ON SOCIAL STUDIES FOR J.S.S VOLUME 1

Performance Objective: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to;
(a) state the meaning of national integration
(b) mention the various factors that promote national integration.

Content:
NATIONAL INTEGRATION
Integration refers to the bringing together of different parts so that they function as one cultural or
National integration refers to bringing together of the various cultures so that they function as a whole.
In an integration society, groups depend on one another for their needs.

FACTORS THAT PROMOTE NATIONAL INTEGRATION
1. Modern system of transportation and communication
2. The national Youth Service Corps Scheme
3. Political education in mass media
4. Nigerians are also free to settle and work in any part of the country
5. Learning of other people's language
6. Inter-ethnic marriage

IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION
1. It promotes peace and harmony in a society
2. It reduces conflict among different groups
3. it provides a good basis or political development
4. It enables Nigerians to live and work together anywhere in the country.
5. It promotes economic development and progress.

Evaluation:
(i) define national integration
(ii)list factors that promote national integration
(iii) identify at least five importance of national integration.

Assignment: Write briefly on National Youths Service Corps.

further studies
http://www.preservearticles.com/2010122 ... ation.html

http://wiki.projectszoo.com/projectswik ... _Viewpoint

http://eaglesislandtech.blogspot.com/20 ... y-and.html


MAIN TOPIC: NATIONAL UNITY AND INTEGRATION.
SPECIFIC TOPIC: THE NATIONAL FLAG, N.Y.S.C. AND THE CURRENCY.
REFERENCE BOOKS: Social Studies for Nigerian JSS Book 1, by Remi E. Aiyede Et al. Basic Social Studies For Nigeria Secondary Schools by Anikpo et al. Simplified Social Studies for JSS by Ogunwale A.

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1.draw the national flag and explain the meaning of the colours.
2. explain the meaning of N.Y.S.C.

CONTENTS:
The Nigerian National Flag- This was introduced in 1960 to replace Union Jack. The National Flag was designed by Mr. Taiwo Akinkunmi. The colour is Green and White. Green colour represents our country's rich agricultural resources, while White represents peace, unity and love among Nigerians.

The National Anthem- The National Anthem was adopted in 1ST, October 1978 with a National pledge. It was composed to replace the old one which showed our differences.

The National Youth Service Corps- This is a programme introduced to harmonize Nigeria after 1970 civil war. It was introduce to bring unity among Nigerians. It was introduced in 1974.

The Nigeria Currency- The Naira notes was introduced to Nigerian economy in 1ST, January 1973 to replace Pounds and Shillings which was the currency of our former colonial master Britain.

Nigeria before 2ND, April 1972 used to drive through the left hand, but this was changed on the date mentioned above to right hand driving

EVALUATION/ CLASSWORK:
1. What colour has the National Flag and what is the meaning of these colours.
2. What is the full meaning of N.Y.S.C.?

further studies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg

http://www.cenbank.org/Currency/gallery.asp

http://www.nysc.gov.ng/

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Topic: NATIONAL UNITY AND INTEGRATION
Content: i. Meaning of National Unity and Integration.
ii. Need for National unity and progress and development of national integrity.
iii. Problems of National Unity and Integration.

Sub-Topic 1: Meaning of National Unity and Integration
National Unity refers to a sense of oneness among the various groups and people in the country. It is a sub-conscious understanding among the people of the country notwithstanding the ethnic group they belong or part of the country they hail from. In a country where there is unity, the people live together in harmony. There is peaceful co-existence without any group rising up against another in hatred and violence.

On the other hand, National Integration refers to the bringing together of different parts so that they function together as a single whole. There is a sense of belonging and no one group is isolated or discriminated against, rather they act as fellow citizens with a high sense of patriotism.
Also Cultural or national integration refers to the bringing together of the various cultures so that they mix and function as people. Cultural or national integration is very important and necessary in Nigeria because the country is made up of over 250 diversified ethnic groups.

Patriotism refers to the love for one`s fatherland or country. A patriotic citizen fights for his country, protects the interests of the country and may want to die in defense of his country. In a united and integrated society, the various groups that make up the country encourage themselves to be patriotic and loyal to the government of the country. They depend on one another for their various needs. The part of the country that is endowed with particular resources share them with other parts where such resources are not available. There is therefore the need for national unity, integration and patriotism in Nigeria. This will make Nigeria a great and powerful country among the nations of the world.
A map showing the ethnic groups in Nigeria

Evalution:
1. Define National Unit and National Integration.
2. What is patriotism?




Sub-Topic 2: The Need for National Unity and Integration
There are many benefits that Nigeria will enjoy when it is truly united. The need for national unity and integration in Nigeria arises because of the following:
Ethnic/Cultural Unity - Nigeria is made up of more than 250 ethnic groups with diverse cultures. Each of the ethnic groups had lived separately for centuries before the British colonizers brought them together.

Socio-political Unity: For Nigeria as a country, she needs to grow and develop from a nation-state with divided people to a nation where all the people are united and have a common sense of belonging.

Economic Growth and Progress - Real economic group and progress can only be ensured when every group in Nigeria contributes towards the peace, harmony and economic well-being of the country.

Defence - Nigeria has an Armed Forces made up the Nigerian Army, The Nigerian Navy and The Nigerian Air Force that are created to defend the territorial integrity of the country against internal and external aggression. The Armed Forces are also trained to carry out internal security activities for the protection of life and property of Nigerians. There is also the Nigeria Police Force which is responsible for the maintenance of law and order in the country. The State Security Service (SSS) is a special security group that operates as a secret branch of the Police they investigate criminal and subversive activities to prevent crisis and anarchy. Other para-military and civil agencies exist, like the Customs which is responsible for ensuring collection of export and import duties and to ensure that harmful or illegal goods are not smuggled into the country, the Immigration Service which ensures that Nigeria is not infiltrated by illegal aliens or unwanted foreigners. The Prisons keep criminals and law breakers who are sentenced by the Law Courts for specified periods of time in prison custody as punishment. The Civil Defense Corps etc, also exist to help in internal security and protection of life and property. When each of these groups perform their responsibilities as prescribed by law, there would be peace and security in the land, life and property would be secured and people will be in safety to go about their normal lives. This brings about progress and development in the country.

Evaluation:
1. Highlight two needs for National unity and integration.
2. Name three security services in the country and explain what they do.





Sub-Topic 3: Problems of National Unity and Integration
Problems of national unity and integration are common in pluralist societies like Nigeria where there are about 250 ethnic nationalities with different cultures and languages. These problems include:
1. Poor leadership selection
2. Corrupt leaders
3. Tribalism
4. Nepotism and favouritism
5. National appointments based on tribalism, corruption and nepotism instead of merit

6. Lack of a lingua franca or common language
7. Cultural differences
8. Religious differences
9. Religious intolerance and conflicts
10. Domination and oppression
11. Inconsistent or questionable census figures
12. Poor economic policies
13. Important economic projects are sited on ethnic or tribal grounds rather than economic rationality.

These problems have in many cases led to crises like the Nigerian civil war between 1967 and 1970, political, tribal and religious killings, tribal resentment, suicide bombings, kidnapping or hostage taking and election rigging. With problems like these, the development of the country becomes very difficult if not impossible.

Attempted Solutions to These Problems
Several policies and steps have been formulated and taken by Governments in Nigeria to solve these lingering problems that hinder total unity and integration. These are:
1. Quota system and Federal Character – This a formulae aimed at making employment of staff into Federal institutions and establishments to have an even spread so that every ethnic group is adequately represented. However, nepotism and corruption tend to mar the implementation.

2. Adoption of Full Residency Right –This is right granted by the Nigerian Constitution to every citizen to live anywhere within the country without molestation or intimidation. However, tribal resentment and religious intolerance highly pronounced in parts of Northern Nigeria have continued to negate this provision.

3. National Service Programme – In 1973, a few years after the Nigerian civil war, the Federal Government established the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) scheme. It is aimed at making young Nigerian graduates from universities and other tertiary institutions to serve for one year in states other than their home states or places of birth, so that they can understand people of other states, ethnic groups and cultures. This is to enhance national integration. However, recent events where Youth Corps members were being killed in the course of their duties to the nation without provocation, especially in parts of Northern Nigeria have made many Nigerians to call for its abrogation.

4. Even Spread of Development Projects – This is a policy aimed at ensuring that no part of the country is deliberately neglected from been developed infra-structurally and in the location of educational institutions and economics projects. Federal projects are to be fairly spread across the country.

5. Allocation of Revenue from Natural Resources – This policy guarantees that proceeds from the exploitation of liquid and sold minerals and other federally acquired revenues are fairly shared by all States of the country with derivation policy favouring States from where they are derived.

6. Land Use Decree of 1978 – This is a decree that vested ownership of all land on the Government. It allows citizens from all ethnic groups to own land anywhere in the country without inhibition or discrimination. This law has however, been grossly abused by corrupt political leaders to acquire vast land expanses all over the country freely at the expense of natives and the poor, only to turn around to sell them at very high prices to would be users.

7. Mass Orientation – This refers to mass education to remove inherited prejudices about ethnic groups in the country. This is why civic education has been re-introduced into the school curriculum and made compulsory in Nigeria.

Evaluation:
1. List five problems of national unity and integration in Nigeria.
2. Discuss efforts and attempted solutions to the problems you listed.

Reading Assignment:
Read about the Importance of National Unity and Integration, and the Institutions that promote National unity and integration in Nigeria.

Assignment:
Objective Test:
1. National Integration simple refers to as ………….
(a) A sense of belonging to a group
(b) The bringing together of different parts so that they function as a whole
(c) A place of disunity and disagreement.
(d) Fighting for the rights of ones own ethnic group.
2. Patriotism refers to ……………… (a) Working for our fatherland (b) Sacrificial love for
one’s fatherland (c) Giving to our fatherland (d) Getting the best from one’s fatherland.

3. The need for national unity and integration arises as a result of …………
(a) Development in Nigeria’s road and house
(b) Nigeria is made up of more than 250 different ethnic groups
(c) Not fighting each other again
(d) Speaking the same language.
4. The following are the necessities of integration EXCEPT
(a) To reduce social/political conflicts (b) To promote ethnic superiority.
(c) To promote cultural understanding (d) To live harmoniously with each other
5. The National Youth Service Corps is established to………………………
(a) provide the manpower needs of educational backward States in the country.
(b) promote understanding among the various peoples of the country.
(c) make qualified graduates to serve as presiding officers during elections.
(d) solve problems of underdevelopment in some parts of the country

Essay Test:
1. Explain the meaning of (i) National Unity (ii) National Integration.
2. Mention 4 problems of national unity and integration in Nigeria.
3. Give 4 ways by which these problems are being tackled.




Topic: THE IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGES OF NATIONAL UNITY AND INTEGRATION
Content: i. The Importance or Advantages of National Unity and Integration
ii. Institutions that Promote National Unity and Integration
iii. National Symbols of Unity



Sub-Topic 1: The Importance or Advantages of National Unity and Integration:
The following are the importance and advantages of national unity and integration:
1. Peace and harmony reign in a society that is united and integrated.
2. It reduces areas of conflicts among different groups.
3. It provides a good basis for political development.
4. It enables Nigerians to live and work together in any part of the country without fear.
5. National unity and integration promotes a sense of brotherhood love among people of different cultures.
6. The coming together of all peoples and cultures in a country makes for improvement and enrichment of the cultural heritage in the country.
7. The Unity and integration of people from different parts of the country enlarges the domestic markets and increases the import/export base of the whole country.
8. National unity and integration promotes a sense of brotherhood, love, togetherness and greatness of the people of the country.
9. National unity and integration provides the needed manpower and technical capacity to tap effectively the natural endowments and resources of all parts of the country which enrich and make the country economically great and powerful.
10. An integrated and united country is feared by other countries because unity is strength. Our Armed forces will be strong because there will be love and loyalty for the country among them.
11. National unity and integration will ensure security of lives and property of citizens from internal and external attacks.


Evaluation:
1. Mention 5 importance or benefits of national unity and integration.
2. What do you think is the cause of crisis in different parts of Nigeria today?




Sub-Topic 2: Institutions that Promote National Unity and Integration
There are various ways by which we are currently promoting national unity and integration in Nigeria. These include the following:
1. Education: Educational institutions such as Federal Government colleges (Unity schools), Colleges of education, Polytechnics, Monotechnics and Universities promote national unity by admitting students across cultural boundaries.

2. Mass Media: The mass media (TV, Radio, Newspapers and magazines, etc) is an important institution that promotes national unity through their programmes and publications.

3. Religious Organizations: This include bring together people of different cultures in Nigeria. For instance, all Christians belong to the Christians Association of Nigeria (CAN) while the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs unites all Muslims in Nigeria.

4. Religious Tolerance: There is need for religious tolerance in Nigeria with a secular Constitution because of the multi-religious beliefs such as Christianity, Islam, African religions and numerous other religious inclinations. Respect and tolerance for each others’ beliefs without attempts by any group wanting to impose a state religion will go a long way to bring about the needed unity and national integration. There is no single State in Nigeria that can claim homogeny of a single religion. Whether in majority or in minority, every religious group must learn to respect the religious feelings and inclinations of others. That is the only means by which we can co-exist as a people.

5. Sports: Sporting activities, especially football is a strong unifying force in Nigeria. It should be promoted among youths to occupy their leisure instead of idleness that becomes the devils workshop. Talented sportsmen and women have excelled and won laurels in international engagements and competitions.

6. National Youth Service Corps: This is a scheme established by the Federal Government of Nigeria in 1973 after the civil war. All young graduates from higher institutions of learning are mandated under the law to serve the country for one year. The Youth Corps members are ‘called-up’ and posted to States other than their own in order to appreciate, understand, interact with people and learn other cultures. They are also encouraged to mingle and inter-marry with people of other cultures and from the State where they serve, if it is the will of God for them.

NYSC logo

The Armed Forces: The Army, Navy and Air Force in a way promote national unity because they are selected from all ethnic groups and train together, live together and work together. There is what is known among them as esprit-de-corp. In the ideal situation, what affects one affects all especially during operations, unity among them ensures victory against their common enemy. Apart from this, junior officers are trained to obey orders and instructions from their superior officers irrespective of the ethnic origin of the superior officer. They can be posted to any part of the country to serve and they are at home wherever they find themselves in the midst of their colleagues.

The Federal Civil Service: Civil servants are employed from all States of the Federation following the federal character policy. They work together and can be posted to any part of the country where there is a federal establishment. Their promotion and postings are not based on ethnicity or tribe.

The Federal Capital Territory, Abuja: Abuja as the Capital City of Nigeria is the home of every Nigerian who works there or wishes to stay there. There is no definite ethnic group that can claim ownership of the place and it is not part of any State in Nigeria. The natives of the territory has been evacuated and resettled in their native States of origin when the area was carved out as the Federal Capital Territory. Any Nigerian resident in Abuja can aspire and contest for any elective position in the place (i.e. Chairman of any of the Local Government Councils, any of the Federal Constituency seats for the House of Representatives and Senatorial District of Abuja).

Evaluation:
1. List five institutions that promote national unity and integration in Nigeria.
2. Explain the role of each of the institutions you have listed.





Sub-Topic 3: Symbols of Nigerian Unity
A Symbol is a thing that is widely believed to represent something. Symbols could stand for a person or the story of a place or people. Nigeria has a number of symbols by which it is known as a country. They are national marks of identity that distinguishes Nigeria from other countries. National symbols also remind the citizens of their responsibilities to one another and to their nation. Some of Nigeria’s national symbols include:
i. The National flag
ii. The Nigeria Coat of Arms
iii. The National Pledge
iv. The National Anthem
v. The Nigeria Passport
vi. National Days
vii. Nigeria Currency Notes and Coins
viii. Head of State
ix. Map of Nigeria.

THE NATIONAL FLAG: (green-white-green)

Nigeria became an independent country on 1st October, 1960. Before then, Britain ruled Nigeria as a colonial territory and we used the British flag known as the Union jack. As from 1st of October, 1960, Nigeria started using her own national flag as an independent country. The flag which was designed by a Nigerian, Mr. Taiwo Akinkunmi in 1959, has two colours of green, white and green. The green colour stands for the vast agricultural land and resources which is the main occupation of the people while the white colour represents peace.

THE COAT OF ARMS:

The Official Seal of the Nation
The is the official stamp of the nation
1. The eagle on it signifies strength, as the eagle is the strongest of all birds.
2. The green and white wealth on which the eagle stands shows the colours of our national flag.
3. The black shield with the silver Y stands for the Nigerian soil across which the two major Rivers, Niger and Benue flow.
4. Holding the shield are two ‘proud’ horses. The horse is a dignified animal, and the two of them represent the dignity of Nigeria.
5. Finally, the motto of the nation ‘Unity, Faith, Peace and Progress’ are written underneath.
The coat of arms appears on all official government documents, letterheads, products, and property.

THE NATIONAL ANTHEM:
The British National Anthem was used during festivals and official ceremonies in Nigeria before independence. In 1960, a British woman composed a new anthem for Nigeria. This anthem was changed in 1977 because it emphasized our differences rather than unity and was composed by a foreigner who could not understand our needs and aspirations. The national anthem was composed out of the entries made by five competitors. The competitors were P.O. Aderibigbe, John IIechukwa, Sotu Omoigui, Eme Etim Akpan and B.A.Ogunaike.

The Anthem consists of two stanzas:
1. Arise O compatriots,
Nigerians call obey
To serve our Fatherland
With love and strength and faith
The labour of our heroes past
Shall never be in vain
To serve with heart and might
One nation bound in freedom
Peace and Unity.

2. Oh God of creation
Direct our noble cause
Guide our leaders right
Help our Youths the truth to know
In love and honesty to grow
And live in just and truth
Great lofty heights attain
To build a nation
Where peace and justice reigns.

THE NATIONAL PLEDGE:
The National Pledge was composed at the end of the bloody civil war between Eastern Region (named Biafra during the war) and the rest of the country. The Pledge was composed in order to re-affirm the beliefs of Nigerians in the continued existence of the country as one indivisible country and inculcate in them a sense of patriotism. The pledge reads:

I pledge to Nigeria my country
To be faithful, loyal honest
To serve Nigeria with all my strength
To defend her unity and uphold her honour and glory
So help me God.

THE NIGERIAN PASSPORT:
The Nigerian passport is a travelling document issued out to Nigerians who wish to travel outside the country. It is issued by officials of the Ministry of internal Affairs (Immigration Department). It marks out the holder as a citizen of Nigeria. It contains information about the person’s profile. It is important to note that apart from the passport, one may need a visa before travelling to some countries such as the USA.

NATIONAL DAYS:
Apart from the symbols mentioned above, certain days have been marked out as national days. These include Children’s Day which is celebrated every 27th day of May and the National Days which is marked every is October of every year.

NIGERIAN CURRENCY AND COINS:
Naira and kobo are the official currency in Nigeria. The currencies (notes) are N5, N10, N25, N50, N100, N200, N500, and N1000 denominations. The coins are 1k, 10k, 25k, 50k, and N1.00. The currency should be handled with care, we should not fold or squeeze it, write or put any stain on it.

THE NIGERIAN HEAD OF STATE:
The portrait of the Nigerian Head of State is another symbol showing the unity of the country. In private and public offices and establishments like Banks, Public Liability Companies, and Government Ministries, the portrait is hung together with that of the head of that office or institution. If you go to any State Government office, you will see the portrait of the Head of state hung side by side with that of the State Governor.

MAP OF NIGERIA:
Another symbol of our national unity is the map of Nigeria. It shows the political boundaries of the country and other features.

Evaluation:
1. (a) Mention four symbols of National Unity.
(b) Write the National Pledge
2. (a) Draw the National Flag
(b) Write the first stanza of the National Anthem.

Assignment:
Objective Test:
1. The following are institutions that promote National Unity and Integration except
(a) Education (b) Mass Media (c) Cultic group (d) National Youth Service Corps
2. What is the full meaning of ‘CAN’(a) Christian amalgamation of Nigeria (b) Christian association of Nigeria (c) Cooperative affairs of Nigeria (d) Cultural Association of Nigeria
3. ……………. is widely used to represent a thing or an entity. (a) System (b) Sample (c) Symbol (d) all of the above
4. Before Nigeria become independent on 1st October, 1960, she used the flag known as Union jack which belong to…………... (a) France (b) Belgium (c) Britain (d) America
5. The silver letter ‘Y’ in the Nigerian coat of arms symbolizes ………. (a) The Two White Horses (b)The Rivers Niger and the Benue (c) The Rivers Nile and Benue (d) The Eagle and Chargers.

Essay Test:
1. List and explain five institutions that promote National Unity and Integration.
2. Name five symbols of National unity.
3. Mention three benefits of national unity and integration.

Basic Textbooks:
1. Macmillan JSS Social Studies Book 1 by M.A. Orebanjo, I.O. Osokoya, R. Acholonu, Ayodele Jegede and Ibrahim Taiwo.
2. Classic Social Studies for JSS Book 1 by S.A Raufu, S.O. Koledoye, H.O.C Ambassador-Brikins, M.O. Okereafor and A. A. Gusau.
3. Solakat New Syllabus on Social Studies (UBE Ed) for JSS Basic 7 by A. Oluwasola Oyewole.

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